Marraige

Arranged marriage is happen a lot over seas in the western area, not so much in the United States. There is an article that is called â€Å"I’m Happy with an Arranged Marriage† by Gitangeli Sapra. In this article she discusses her view of arranged marriages. Ms. Gitangeli approves of arranged marriage, it is stated that people who get married for â€Å"love† has a 40% rate of divorce. She also states that arranged marriages have a lower rate of divorce for the fact that the couples do not want to start a wrath between their families. Is arranged marriage right or wrong?Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, I disagree with arranged marriage; I believe that families should not have the right to set up their children with who they think best suits their child. I believe marriage is about two people who love, support and respect each other. I personally would not prefer my parents to set me up with someone who they think is a good match for me, because I have di fferent standards then they do and I have a different idea of who the type of person I would like to spend my time with. Parents want to see their children with successful spouses and who they think are a good person.If parents were to choose who they want their child to marry then they will be too involved in the couple’s relationship, so if the relationship is not working out the couple would be too scared to get a divorce because of what their family might do. A lot of countries make arranged marriage mandatory, and some people really do agree with it it are apart of some cultures, but others do not. Fatma Uncon was a twenty year old female who was forced into an arranged marriage, which she did not want. Since she was forced she decided to commit suicide by shooting herself

The True Definition of a Strong Team

The True Definition of a Strong Team What is a team one may ask? The formal definition of team is â€Å"a number of persons associated in some joint action† (Team). A group of athletes, a group of employees, or a group of friends can call themselves a team when united to complete a common goal. Truly any group of individuals can call themselves a team, but only when this group possesses the right characteristics is when they can be called a true, strong team. Being a strong team is much more than getting a group a group of people together and declaring it is a team. A strong team is constructed with more than speech; it deals with strong feelings, dedication, and hard work. Strong feelings provide great importance when construction a strong team. Whether people are part of a sport team or a work force, they all must possess the characteristic of having strong feelings for the situation they are placed in. If the person’s feelings are so strong, he/she will be more than willing to strive for that goal. If he/she did not care much for the situation they are placed into, they will most likely not strive and excel and unfortunately, the team will suffer by the goal not being reached. When each individual in a team has strong feelings toward the completion of or reaching that goal, a strong team is reached. Everyone, apart of the team, who has those strong feelings are on the same page allowing them to strive together with a great feeling of passion. When this passion is reached, every team member will know exactly how to complete their team goal with their inner feelings. When a team all has the same feelings toward a common goal it shows the strength of the team as a whole. A team may all have a strong feeling toward completing a goal, but each individual has to portray many other characteristics in order to become a strong team. With strong feelings, teams can reach many goals. But in order to complete and achieve more challenging goals, a strong team must posses’ dedication. Dedication is a very important characteristic that every great team out there acquires. Dedication requires individuals to do the best they can always. For example, always showing up for dance class, always being on time for dance class, always being at every rehearsal, and so fourth. When portraying the dedication attitude, others will envy that and respect the fact that this individual wants to be apart of something much greater than any individual. Dedication can also be portrayed through showing respect for the team. This can be done by putting others first. If every member of a team is willing to put others before themselves, a team will be able to accomplish goals the never thought they could before. Dedication is a characteristic every team must have in order to be called a strong team. A strong team that possesses dedication are the teams heard to be accomplishing phenomenal goals, not only because they are extraordinary at their sport, but because they have the passion and dedication of being apart of a team. Dedication is a possession that truly great teams have and with dedication comes hard work and if you are dedicated, you will work hard! Working hard is something each individual must provide their team. By working hard, a team will become stronger and will learn how to work together by working off each others’ strengths. Working hard means that people always put forth their best foot and try their hardest at all times. Through hard work, individuals will mold themselves to become better, along with helping others improve. When a team is able to work hard every day and put forth everything they have, that team will strive. In the end, what that team puts in is what they will receive out and each individual is going to get stronger through their teams improvement. Undergoing these strong feelings toward a goal will help the team succeed. Hard work will better the chances of completing this unique goal the team holds. Dedication is a key characteristic in all teams. Dedication most importantly makes the team not only stronger as individuals but as a team. Dedication builds the base for a strong team and hard work keeps that team functioning beautifully together. These characteristics will give that passion to excel towards a sport, job or any such life goals. When each of these characteristics are reached, I give the permission to call themsel

Comparison of Past and Present Students Essay

I. Introduction People often remark how different the students of today are to those in the past. Each generation claim that those who come after them are getting worse, while those who came before them are much better than they were when they were students. Are students really all that different â€Å"Now† than they were â€Å"Before†? It’s been said that with every batch, with every generation, students are slowly degrading, that you could count with your fingers, those student who truly excel nowadays. It is a very common proclamation that young people now are disrespectful, unmotivated and without problem solving ability. Most people say that â€Å"compared to when we were in high school† the students are very different, incompetent. This is a common perception today, from non teachers and teachers alike, but is this true? II. Context Of course, each generation is different; technology and culture change forces us to think and act differently, use different tools. The increase in population and politics also contribute to the differences between the students of the past and present. Advanced technology, computer and other gadgets like cell phones and scientific calculator enabled the students do their task quicker and easier, tools that help them to be more efficient. In the past students had to handwrite or use a typewriter for their reports, one mistake and you’ll have to repeat it. Now with computer, to matter how many mistake you make with your grammar and spelling the computer will detect your errors so you can make corrections before printing. With computers, you can edit reports or write additional data without doing it over again. Solving mathematical problem became easier too, with the use of calculators. Students in the past have to manually calculate before arriving with the answer, now with just pushing a few buttons, you’ll get the answer. One can find and download anything that is needed in the internet, without sifting through pages and volumes of books in the library. The printed books are almost phase-out as students now prefer ebooks they can read using their cell phones and tablets. There are various mode of transportation, to take students from one place to another faster. Even the method of teaching had change with technology; PowerPoint presentations are often used, and there are even subjects where students learn about information technology and computers. As a result students of the present tend to be lazy and arrogant, and most of the time the equipments technology brings are taken for granted, and are used for fun and games. Then, they have to go without these gadgets, so students then needed to be precise, not make errors. They learned to concentrate, to go slow but sure not to make mistakes. They are more organized and had more focus on whatever task they are doing. Our culture is constantly changing as we continue to grow, being influence by other culture and with the advancement of technology. We are becoming more materialistic, values and social norms changed brought by the influence we see on televisions or by surfing the internet. Because of these changes it is only natural to observe a difference on the behavior and attitudes of today’s students from students of yesteryears. In the past students are more respectful, industrious, punctual and obedient. Girls are demure and boys gallant; public display of affection is not allowed; teachers are more strict and can use corporal punishment on those who misbehave. The presentation of oneself is very important, having a suitable hairstyle and wearing the proper uniform or appropriate attire is rigidly observed. Today’s student think that they are superior to their teachers as they think they can learn everything they need to know from the internet; they are lacking in their attention span and tend to be irresponsible; having a weird hairstyle and adding unnecessary accessories to their uniform is perceived as being cool. Now it is almost a requirement to have the latest gadgets, fashionable clothes and a boyfriend/girlfriend to be accepted in a clique, to belong. The increase in population and politics also play a part in making a difference between the students today from students who came before them. Then, there are a lot less students and the teacher can pay closer attention to each of them. But with the increase of population more schools are being established especially for those places like in the rural area where the school is so far away a student has to travel several miles just to go to school. When the people in the administration of organization like DepEd and Ched, changes are bound to happen. In the past decade the curriculum is changed several times when the people in the administration changed, teachers and students alike adjust had to a new curriculum before they were used to the previous one. Politicians are also known for passing provisions that could affect the education system of our country; K to 12 is an example. III. Summary Students of the present largely differ from students in the past, from the way they think, act and with the tools that they use. Their motivation, organization and efficiency have also changed. Technology, culture change, increase in population and politics all contribute in making these differences. Technology provides the new tools and gadget that students enjoy today. When culture changes the social norms and values also change, in turn there would be an alteration in the behavior and attitudes of the students, our youth. The increase in population and politics create circumstances such as different education system and curriculum, where teachers and students alike have no choice but to make adjustments. IV. Conclusion Change is inevitable with the passage of time, changes that are caused by different things. Students and teacher alike have to adapt to these changes, it can make a task more efficient, it can make learning more exciting or it can become a distraction. The change affects the motivation and attitude of the students. It must be considered before a comparison is made that every batch, every generation have their own way, leave their own marks, it would be unfair to say that students today are becoming worse for they are only responding to the situations created by these changes.

Public Cloud a Source of Danger to Businesses Essay

Public Cloud a Source of Danger to Businesses - Essay Example Actually, the cloud services are offered by a third party. So the secret data and information of an organization are stored on the servers of that third party. In this scenario, organizations believe that the public cloud is a source of danger to businesses. This paper discusses the arguments of other researchers to prove this claim. Introduction Cloud computing is a most modern information technology trend that a lot of business organizations are adopting due to its environmental aspects, money savings, mobility, scalability and energy effectiveness. Basically, the cloud computing allows organizations or individuals to access all their tools, applications and files from anyplace on the earth, as a result releasing them from the limitations of the desktop and allowing widespread group partnership (Modavi, 2010; Miller, 2009). It is now very common to use the public cloud for carrying out business tasks. A public cloud is basically a cloud computing model used by the service providers to offer their resources, similar to storage and applications to the wide-ranging public over the internet. The majority of public cloud services are free of charge or presented on a pay per usage based model. In this scenario, the fundamental advantages of making use of a public cloud service are simple and low-cost set-up for the reason that application, hardware and bandwidth costs are covered by the service provider. In addition, the public cloud offers the scalability to meet users’ requirements. In fact, public cloud does not waste resources because we pay for what we use. Moreover, the idea of public cloud appeared to make a distinction between the standard model and private cloud that is a proprietary communication data center or network that makes use of cloud computing systems, like that Virtualization. In this scenario, a private cloud is managed and organized by the business it serves. On the other hand, a 3rd model known as the hybrid cloud, is managed by both i nternal and external providers (TechTarget, 2009; Tchifilionova, 2011; Rittinghouse & Ransome, 2009). This paper discusses the possible impacts of the public cloud on the businesses and how a public cloud can be a source of danger to businesses. This paper will discuss different aspects of the public cloud and possible security issues associated with public cloud. Public Cloud: An Overview Public clouds are managed and controlled by a 3rd party organization, as well as the implementations from different clients are possibly combined together with the cloud servers, storage devices and networks. In view of the fact that the public clouds are not managed and controlled by a host organization itself thus they could be wonderful technique to decrease client risks, burden, responsibilities and cost by means of an efficient however conditional development of business structure. On the other hand, if a cloud service provider manages a cloud keeping security, performance and data storage lo cations in mind, the maintenance of additional applications executing in the cloud can be easy to follow for both cloud architects and cloud users. Undoubtedly, public cloud services present a potential to upgrade and move down according to certain conditions, and transfer varying infrastructure risks and dangers from the corporate to the cloud source, if even just temporarily (Sun

The Advertising Effect on Adolescents in Saudi Arabia Essay

The Advertising Effect on Adolescents in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The availability and effect of modern media, particularly from Western sources of production, such as television, movies, and music in Saudi Arabia will be reviewed from contemporary reports and placed in the context of wider social change movements such as the â€Å"Arab Spring†, democratization, and reform that seemingly threaten traditional values and identities in the Kingdom. The introduction of Western and modern values or identity constructs through commercial advertising will also be analyzed with reference to youth movements and new developments in the Saudi economy resulting from lifestyle pattern changes. The economic and social results of this process will be further related in context to the issues of globalization, democratization, and modernization as they portend a change in values in Saudi Arabian culture. The emphasis of this study will be in analyzing the effect of advertising on Saudi adolescents particularly, as this is psychologically when the most import ant aspects of personal character definition are formed, and socially this represents the time period when human individuals are most open to experimentation with patterns of identity, character, and personality formation.The research methodology of this essay will include a comparison of research into adolescent identity structures and behavior in the U.S. and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in order to determine the similarities and differences between the two experiences both subjectively and objectively. Rather than assuming that Saudi and American youth culture will develop on the same patterns of expression.

Characterization of Bubble Size and Gas Hold up in OBCs Thesis

Characterization of Bubble Size and Gas Hold up in OBCs - Thesis Example Then I plotted the air volume fraction and determined the overall volume of the cylinder it was in (the cylinder lies between the planes mentioned earlier). This provided me with an accurate description of how much air each cylinder between the planes contained. This I used to plot the entrainment fraction. --> Power intensity is directly related to the average sinusoidal velocity of the OBC. Anderson (2009) has not used fixed OBCs. Instead, he has relied on a moving cage and given it power to simulate power intensity. I have tackled this issue by varying the input velocity function for the inlet water. As far as the number of tanks is concerned, please see equation (2) and Hydrodynamic Characterization in Anderson (2009) for a full explanation. Simply put, the number of tanks model is connected to the overall power intensity function that can be manipulated to give an integer value. I used that with expression to give me the values in CFD Post. Can you explain how did you set up physics in cfx-pre to set up the† power intensity verses recovery for different sparger sizes†, as well as â€Å"particle size against entrainment fraction† and â€Å"power intensity versus number of tanks†? These things are obtained from the CFX Post area and not CFX Pre. Power intensity is essentially about increasing or decreasing the inlet water’s velocity to produce a certain range of power intensity. The particle size against entrainment fraction is explained above along with power intensity and number of

Pros and Cons of Legalizing Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pros and Cons of Legalizing Drugs - Essay Example The government starts experiencing constraints in sustaining its citizens and therefore is forced to result to heavy borrowing from other nations, non-governmental organizations, World Bank among other financial institutions. The resulting effect is a huge deficit in the balance of payments, which in turn leads to bad debts (Parks 2009). b) High costs incurred- The costs incurred by the government in following up and arresting drug traffickers are high. It involves the use of machines like vehicles and detectors, to track the criminals and this means expenditure has to be incurred. When these criminals have been arrested and prosecuted, they have to be retained in the cells and provided with the basic needs. If any of them falls sick, they have to be taken to the hospital by the government and it settles their medical bills. This all are extra costs incurred which should have otherwise been saved (Bean 2010). Many nations find it unreasonable nowadays to arrest and prosecute drug offenders as that is not helping in any way to reduce the vice and hence the urge to legalize drugs. The graph below compares the total number of people jailed for drug abusing in U.S.A and the total number of people arrested and jailed by the European Union for all offenses:Medical expenditure by the government increases since many fall vic tims of drug abuse. Many of them become addicted to the drugs to a point whereby they cannot do without them, and this means rehabilitation is the only solution to save their lives. The sensitization programs that the government may decide to organize to enlighten the people on the effects of drug abuse and ways of avoiding drug abuse are very costly. c) Increased mortality rate- Due to drug legalization, many drivers will be under the influence of drugs when driving. This increases road accidents hence leading to loss of lives of many civilians and traffic jams in the roads. In addition, since it is legal to use drugs, many people will result to abusing them. Drug abuse may lead to death of the victim at the end because the drugs have their side effects on human health. For example, many people have been abusing pharmaceutical products that are legal and this has resulted in the death of the individuals. These deaths reduce the population of a country, which should have provided the country with enough labor force to maximize output thus profits (Parks 2009). d) Increased war with other nations and terrorism- Many terrorists do abuse drugs so that they can stimulate their bodies for the plans ahead. Many of these drugs affect the reasoning capacity of an individual and

Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legal System - Essay Example The lack of education or literacy rate in a country could lead it to the high crime rate among young people that provides incentives for committing crimes due to instable economical situation. With the provision of education in the people the rule of law may be strengthen. The primary and secondary educations are very important in this regard; they work as a base for the future education of an individual. We should strengthen the legal system and provide education to the people for strengthening the society. To provide a crackdown on the crimes and to eliminate unhealthy tendencies in the society we should understand the importance of law and the matters falling in the purview of the law should be left to the judicial institutions. It is not legal for an individual to directly concern himself with such matters. One should be careful about inner discipline. Legal problems should be left on the shoulders of the state and the government to decide. If an individual intervenes in everything than it would be very difficult for the people to understand the importance and integrity of the law. Violations of laws disturb the society, self-personality, family and friends. Everyone in the society should make efforts to strengthen the law at large extent as it provides security, mental satisfaction and causes progress for the country. There should be no tendencies of ignoring or violating the laws in the country. Indispensable legal systems should be implemented in the country. By the passing of time, the law has been divided into different subjects and topics; the reason was to make it easily understandable in terms of different aspects of the law. The law is also being taught in different topics and subjects. Even cases are decided on different grounds. To make the process easy, different courts have been established that deal with different kinds of cases in their purview. Following are the different topics of the law: Legal Kinds of Law: Criminal Law. Contact Law. Tort Law (Breach) Property law Trust and Equity Law. Administrative law. International Law. Legal Systems Civil Law. Common Law. Religious Law. Institutions of Law Judiciary Legislature. Executive. Military and Police. Bureaucracy. Civil Society. Legal Profession. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law) Law as Legal Subject Almost in every country, the law is taught in different subjects/topics, like in England, the knowledge of law is provided in almost seven different subjects. All laws have the same approach and legal system and same issues around the world, although different names are used to elaborate laws. For example, in the Civil law contract and the breach of contract would fall under the purview of law of obligations and trusts and will be processed under legal regimes or under the international conventions and agreements. Outside of the Europe international laws are being dealt under different agreements other than European laws like North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), South American Community of Nations (CSN), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other different trade and other agreements to settle the dispute. But it is worth mentioning that there is

Materialism as a Worldview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Materialism as a Worldview - Essay Example Reducing the debate simply to materialism and idealism therefore, the materialist hypothesis is that all existence is an unbroken, material continuum from its origins in ancient Greece to the mind-brain materialism of the modern times (Vitzthum, 1995). Materialism as a worldview appears to be prevalent in society today. Materialism began in the 18th century (McConnell, 2003). The leading scientists of that time suffered cognitive dissonance between the beliefs of the many religious sects which then existed along with their own scientific discoveries (McConnell, 2003). They relieved their discomfort by agreeing among themselves that religion was unnecessary. Unfortunately, the amorality of materialism was so attractive to lesser intellectuals, who lacked the status to question the leaders. The same was true to businessmen, who could use materialism to justify exorbitant profits that it has become a defining feature of the culture (McConnell, 2003). Materialism and its theories can be traced as far back as the poem, The Nature of Things, written in the first century B.C. by Lucretius ("Materialism: what matters," 2007) to the more recent research done by Richard Vitzthum (1996), An Affirmative History and Definition. The doctrine of materialism was formulated as early as the 4th century B.C. by Democritus, in whose system of atomism all phenomena are explained by atoms and their motions in space (Armstrong, 1984). Other early Greek teaching, such as that of Epicurus and Stoicism, also conceived of reality as material in its nature. The theory was later renewed in the 17th century by Pierre Gassendi and Thomas Hobbes, who believed that the sphere of consciousness essentially belongs to the corporeal world, or to the senses (Armstrong, 1984). Later, the investigations of John Locke were adapted to materialist positions by David Hartley and Joseph Priestley. They were a part of the materialist development of the 18th century strongly manifested in France, where the most extreme thought was that of Julien de La Mettrie. The culminating expression of materialist thought in this period was the Systme de la nature (1770), for which Baron d'Holbach is considered chiefly responsible (Armstrong, 1984). In Western civilization, materialism is the oldest philosophical tradition. It reached its full classical form in the atomism of Democritus and Epicurus in the 4th century B.C. Epicurus argued that reality consisted of invisible and indivisible particles of free-falling matter called atoms randomly colliding in the void. Through materialism, everything that happens is explained in terms of the law of nature (Armstrong, 1984). Overview of major beliefs and representative thinkers Materialism is a simple philosophy, having two principles: 1) There is no reality except that which can be defined in terms of the physical concepts of space and time; and 2) As individuals, we have no obligations to other persons except for those obligations that we accept for our own pleasure. This second principle follows from the first (McConnell, 2003). When people use the word "materialism" they usually have one of two definitions in mind. Philosophically speaking,

Electronic commecial law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Electronic commecial law - Essay Example Emphasis has been given on the illegal content of websites – mostly due to the expansion of the phenomenon. In fact, it has been proved, that many organizations, which virtual world services,1 have been unable to prevent the publication of such information through the Internet – referring to the involvement of these organizations in the hosting or the transmission of such information.2 In practice, the above organizations cannot be held responsible for the illegal content that they host or they transmit; the key term for the use of the above benefit is that these organizations are characterized as Internet Service Providers (ISPs).3 In case that these organizations do not meet the above requirement, they cannot ask for the exception from liability for the content they host or they transfer.4 The above issue is explored in this paper; emphasis is given on the European law establishing the protection of ISPs from liability for the information they host or they transmit; r eference is also made to the UK and the USA case law that has been developed in the specific field. The Directive 2000/31/EC is set under examination and evaluation; it is concluded that the existing European law regulating the protection of ISPs from the liability for the content they host or they transmit need to be further improved; the potentials for broad interpretation of its rules has been found to be partially negative for the resolution of disputes arising in regard to the study’s main issue. 2. European Law on the protection of Internet Service Providers from liability for content they transport or host – European, UK and US case law The issue of responsibility of ISPs for the information they host/ transmit has been resulted because of the expansion of Internet – both in terms of commerce, i.e. of the use of Internet for the development of commercial transaction and in terms of the characteristics of the users, i.e. of the use of Internet by people of all ages, even by children. Under these terms, the introduction of legislation referring to the creation and management of this content was quite necessary. At this point, the criteria on which the characterization of content as illegal would be based needed to be set; in accordance with Kleinschmidt (2010) the content published in the Internet is usually considered as illegal when it has one of the following forms: ‘pornography without age verification, child pornography, hate speech, or extreme violence’5. At this point, it should be made clear that the participation of an ISP in the publication of illegal content can set the ISP under the risk of two different forms of liability: a) liability for the damages caused to one or more of its users – because of the illegal content, b) liability for the damaged caused to a third party – being offended from the illegal content in the publication of which in the Internet the specific ISP has taken part – either by hosting or transmitting the content involved.6 Under normal conditions, ISPs would be held liable for the following reasons: a) for hosting or transmitting illegal content, b) for breaching the copyright laws in regard to the products of art (speech, song, painting and so on); the activity of the second category would be related with that of the first category since the material acquired by violating the copyright laws can be considered as ill

Terrorist Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Terrorist Strategies - Research Paper Example In some parts of the world, the organized terrorist organizations have formed government like structures of running these countries and this has contributed to increase in such extremist groupings. To achieve their objective and increase terror in people, terrorist adopt different strategies and approaches which have been blamed for causing misery, deaths and destruction of property. Of all these strategies, the use of indiscriminative violence is common and this has been used in the US soil in a number of instances. This paper will evaluate the strategies that terrorist have employed in different parts of the world and more specifically in the united states and countries bordering it. different strategies including the use of violence, threats and intimidation, kidnapping and the internet will be analyzed to highlight the impacts of these strategies in assisting terrorists achieve their goals. An evaluation and analysis of the strategies used by terrorists to achieve their objective is essential in the development of approaches of mitigating the rise of terrorist groups and activities across the world. The United States government has highlighted a number of strategies that have been used by terrorists in the country and in other parts of the globe. The threat of terrorism in different parts of the world has risen to a level that has affected the peaceful existence of citizens across the world due to the approaches that these terrorists have adopted. In the United States, terrorism is considered as number one threat to the domestic and international security and this explains the reason why the government has been instrumental in the development of anti-terrorism approaches. The rise in terrorism in different parts of the globe has been attributed to the turbulent political situations in a number of Arab and former soviet

Porters Five Forces of Competition Essay Example for Free

Porters Five Forces of Competition Essay Porter’s Lesson: Michael E. Porter’s article, the five competitive forces that shape strategy, is an article that dissects the true underlying factors of competition and industrial structure. Throughout the context of the article, Porter thoroughly explains how competition and profitability does not only derive from production of goods and services or the level of sophistication of a firm. Instead, he claims that in order for an industry to be truly competitive and profitable, the industry as a whole must hold a solid structure. Porter educates the audience by introducing the five key forces of strategy that will essentially lead to a firm’s prevalence of competitiveness. He labels these forces as direct competition, customers, suppliers, potential entrants, and substitute products. Porter claims that each of these forces of competition plays their roles within any competitive and even temporarily non-competitive industry. Porter’s main lesson for his audience is that in order for an individual firm or an industry to succeed, it must strategically know how to react to any shift within the industry, whether its competitiveness, supply and demand, economical issues, potential entrants, or even natural issues. Porter also strives to explain how a company could or could not earn a return on investment based on the intensity of the competition within the industry. All in all, Porter explicitly explains each of the five forces that shape an industries competition with a breakdown of different factors for each force, as well as real life examples that make the topic very clear for the audience to understand his lesson. Analysis of the Lesson: Of the five forces, Porter clearly educated the reader about the importance of potential entrants and their threat to an industry. I felt that one of Porter’s greater lessons in this matter was when he described the seven major sources of entry barriers, and how an incumbent can strategize to react to the competitiveness of the industry if a desired entrant were to exist. One aspect that really sparked my interest was when Porter went about explaining the entrant’s hesitancy of entering into an industry based on the level of retaliation from the existing firms within the market. On the other hand, it was also interesting to know that the entrant could also alarm the incumbents, when the entrant has a large amount of capital to invest as they enter from another market which they succeeded in. Another force that Porter dissected is what most people would think of in reaction to the term competition, and that is direct competition of one firm and another, or for the lack of a better word, rivalry. Porter made a statement, and that was, â€Å"The degree to which rivalry drives down an industry’s profit potential depends, first, on the intensity with which companies compete and, second, on the basis on which they compete.† As Porter discussed the different factors that affect the intensity of a rivalry, he noted that intense rivalry tends to destruct profitability if the battle between two firms is focusing solely on price because at that point, price competition is simply transferring profits directly from an industry to its customers, which will ultimately result in the degradation of an industry. I couldn’t agree more with Porter about the fact that when it comes to rivalry between multiple firms, the industry can find an advantage when each competitor aims to serve the needs of different customer segments, by focusing on a variety of price, products, services, features, or brand identities. Most people would think of a rivalry in terms of competition, and not necessarily take the time to think of other factors that are just as important when it comes to an industry’s competitiveness. Many are so focused on what goes on within their own market that they forget to acknowledge the outside forces until it slaps a firm across the face. Porter used an example of the photographic industry as he explained the importance of substitute products. Here he argued that long time competitors such as Kodak Fuji, two large photographic film companies, were in a position to lose profitability if they didn’t focus on outside forces, such as the entry of digital cameras. Although they are not as profitable as before, both companies made large investments, along with large amounts of research and development, and both prevailed in continuing to be somewhat profitable and slightly competitive in their industry rather than falling off all together. After reading that example, I instantly thought of different firms that didn’t focus on innovating at times where substitute products came into play, and those companies are no longer around. A few examples of companies that fell or are bound to fall are Blockbuster, Circuit City, Best Buy, K-Mart, and Sears. Once Porter ended his presentation of the five forces of competition and profitability, he continued to approach his final lesson, and that is the value created if a strategist accurately analyzes the five forces of competition within an industry. He enlightened the audience that if a strategist understands the competition within the industry, he will not only prevail beyond existing rivals, but could also uncover new opportunities such as differences in customers, suppliers, substitutes, potential entrants, and rivals that can become the basis for distinct strategies leading to superior performance. The only minor detail I felt that should have been added to this section on value is the possibility of losing value based on time devoted towards each force. Porter most definitely stated the facts when explaining the potential for new opportunities if understanding the industry as a whole. One thing he didn’t explain is what could also happen if a strategist possibly focuses on one aspect for too long, or fails to devote enough time to one competitive force versus another. I would imagine that this could possibly cause problems to arise rather than opportunity if a firm were to not manage its strategic time wisely. My Takeaways: I am fortunate that I am currently involved in a family business that allows me to relate to so many aspects of this article. My family currently owns and operates a five-store, soon to be six, supermarket chain in several parts of southern California. Like many other businesses, the everyday operation of a supermarket is exposed to countless aspects of business and its overall environment. I myself am within the world of supermarkets six out of the seven days in the week, and I can most definitely admit that this article completely enhanced my understanding of the terms competition and profitability. The amount of connections I could make with topics in this article to my everyday work is countless. For this paper, I’ll simply discuss what stood out most. First, I’ll have to give my takeaway on price competition and bargaining power. Item prices throughout the stores are what I’d consider to be the bullets in a gunfight between two competing supermarkets. There was a topic I discussed in my analysis that stated, â€Å"Firms that solely focus on price competition ultimately gives industry profitability to the customer.† In the supermarket industry, buyers constantly negotiate with suppliers for the lowest costs to provide customers with the most aggressive prices. This also relates to the section on buying power that Porter touches on. Here I learned, any store can simply raise prices or drop prices at store level, but the company that will prevail is that who is dominant in getting the lowest cost from the supplier, resulting in more aggressive margins verse the competitor. If both you and your competitor have the same price on one item, allow the competitor to give its profit to the customers by you being the one to pay less for the supply. The second factor that I can relate to which I will discuss is threat of new entrants and retaliation. If someone pulls up a map of supermarkets in a specific area, they will find seven to ten different supermarkets in a five mile radius. Competition from one company to another usually occurs within each region. At times, successful independent supermarket chains will raise awareness of other supermarket chains in a specific region by preparing to open a new store or buying out a current store that is not profitable. This is when the incumbents will do everything in their power to keep their customers from going to the new store that is most likely going to enter with highly aggressive pricing. At this time, you will see incumbent’s prices dropping, promotions increasing, advertisements become incredibly aggressive, prizes being given out, and any other form of retaliation a company can perform to keep its market share. As stated before, the connections are countless, and I could truthfully admit that I could write a twenty page paper on all the topics I can relate to in this article. I discussed a few relations above, but I must also state that this does not limit what I took away from Porter’s article that I can apply to my family’s business today. All in all, it was a highly educational read and a great tool for any business who seeks to increase competitiveness and profitability, let alone a great tool for any individual who plans to one day be a successful businessman.

Love in Shakespeares Sonnets

Love in Shakespeares Sonnets Introduction In his poem, Scorn not the Sonnet (Poetical Works, 1827), Wordsworth famously said that the sonnets were the key with which Shakespeare unlocked his heart and whilst this can certainly be seen to be the case, the sonnets do much more than that. Writing of various forms of love, and indeed of love itself, using the contemporary sonnet form, Shakespeare develops the aspects of love which the sonnets reflect into an all-encompassing discussion on the major themes of life itself that continue to inform and direct the human condition, a fact which is perhaps partly responsible for their continuing popularity with both public and critics alike. This dissertation sets out to discover, through close reading of carefully selected representative sonnets and critical context, the way Shakespeare accomplishes this. The sonnet form as Shakespeare, whose 154 sonnets were first published in 1609, and his contemporaries used it was introduced into England in the sixteenth century by Sir Thomas Wyatt who translated sonnets in the Petrarchan form from the original Italian: As we should expect in a period when he [Shakespeare] was beginning to write the sonnet, allusions to Petrarchism become increasingly common. (Whitaker, 1953, p. 88) The Shakespearian or Elizabethan sonnet form differs from the Italian, originally developed by Petrarch in the fourteenth century, principally in form. Both styles are usually comprised of fourteen lines but have a different rhyme sequence and structure. The Petrarchan sonnet consists of an octet (a sequence of eight lines in which the theme is opened) and the subsequent sestet (which reflects on the theme it has introduced), whilst the Shakespearian is structured in iambic pentameter in three quatrains and a couplet, the three quatrains rhyming in abab form and the final couplet rhyming cc. It is important to understand Shakespeares structure because it so often reflects the theme, with the three quatrains each addressing a different aspect of the sonnets focus and the couplet usually providing an epigram summing up the idea which the sonnet reflects. Indeed, Shakespeare does not only use the sonnet form in his poems but also within his plays, incorporating what a contemporary audience would recognise to be evidence of true and even holy love. The most famous example of this is in the first meeting between Romeo and Juliet, written in 1594, where their words are exchanged in sonnet form: Romeo: If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle fine is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Juliet: Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, Which mannerly devotion shows in this; For saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch, And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss. Romeo: Have not saints lips, and holy palmers too? Juliet: Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer. Romeo: O, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do; They pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. Juliet: Saints do not move, though grant for prayers sake. Romeo: Then move not while my prayers effect I take. (Shakespeare, William. 1954. Romeo and Juliet, Act I, Scene v, p. 30) This is an excellent example of the innovative way in which Shakespeare uses the sonnet form and it is therefore appropriate to look at it in detail in the introduction to this dissertation in order to show the aspects of love with which the discussion will be concerned: From the early poems to the young man of rank, urging him to marry and have a son, through the idealising attempts to negate the space of social difference in the mutuality of private love, to the bitter wit of the Will poems to the dark woman, the player-poet seeks to reduce the gap between addresser and addressee that is the very condition of the Petrarchan mode. It has not escaped commentators or audiences that in Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare represents a moment of reciprocity via the archetype of in commensurability: a sonnet, uniquely shared by Romeo and Juliet in Act 1. (Schalkwyk, 2002. p. 65) In the first quatrain, Shakespeare has Romeo, who was previously infatuated with Rosaline, a state we are given to understand that he has often found himself in before this, declare his feelings in holy imagery which Juliet, in the second quatrain, immediately picks up on and develops. Thus, though inversion of the traditional male role as director is not removed, Shakespeare gifts Juliet with an aspect of equality with Romeo, by making her his equal in wit, a gender specific imperative which is found in both his plays and sonnets alike. Moreover, in the third quatrain, the lovers share their feelings and the structure itself, with each taking separate lines of the sonnet. This mutuality reflects how the play will develop, with Juliet continuing to grow in strength, and also shows the importance of the connection between what appears to be love and what is true love, associated fundamentally with God, as evidenced by the religious imagery of pilgrims and saints and perhaps most impor tantly palmers, which signifies one who has made the pilgrimage to Rome. The contemporary audience would recognise this first dialogue between the lovers as emblematic of true love precisely because it is expressed in the sonnet form. Also, Shakespeare establishes the connective between true love and religion which, as will be seen in the dissertation discussion, is another feature of the sonnets as a whole and indeed the sonnet form. The way in which Romeo and Juliet share the sonnet is, as is noted above (Schalkwyk, 2002. p. 65), very different from the way that the older Petrarchan sonnet form implements the structure to address the theme or indeed object of love. Shakespeares concept of love as expressed in the sonnets is essentially based upon reality, human beings interacting or regarded as representative of love without the necessity to involve the idea of worship as is certainly the case with Petrarchs Laura. Although many of the sonnets are addressed to an unknown and somewhat generically enigmatic female, referred to as the Dark Lady by critics, the sense of the sonnets being concerned with human love in all its aspects is always primary, as Shakespeare writes in Sonnet CXXX: I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: (Shakespeare, William. 2003. Shakespeares Sonnets. ed. Katherine Duncan Jones. p.375) This is a thought that he completes by following the colon with a couplet summation that despite this, or perhaps because of it, his love is as rare as any belied with false compare. It is clear that love for Shakespeare is as concerned with humanity as much, if not more, than the conception of love and the distant, silent, object of that love as divine. Thus, the idea that Romantic love has little to do with love as it is actually experienced is another aspect of love with which the sonnets are concerned and which this dissertation will address. Indeed, one imperative which seeks to involve a less direct form of love is the notion of Platonic love, or love as an ideal, as expressed in Sonnet CXVI: Let me not to the marriage of true minds/Admit impediments (Shakespeare, William. 2003. Shakespeares Sonnets. ed. Katherine Duncan Jones. p.343). It is generally accepted that the first seventeen of the sonnets are addressed to a young man and in these Shakespeare turns more frequently to the idea that marriage should be the object of a mans life. However, he then turns, in sonnets XVIII-CXXVI, to homoerotic expressions of love to a man, identified, simply because of the dedication on the first (possibly unauthorised) publication, by Thomas Thorpe, as Mr. W.H.: The interpretation of the expression only begetter is doubtful. Did Thorpe mean that Mr. W. H. was the fair youth of the sonnets (though on this reading the dark lady also has a claim as a begetter, to some of the sonnets), or was he merely the gentleman who gave Thorpe the manuscriptMr. William Harvey perhaps, who in 1598 married the widowed mother of Lord Southampton? The manuscript can only have come from one in the innermost circle of those who knew Shakespeare and his noble friend. If Southampton was the friend, William Harvey may have been the only begetter. (Alexander Nisbet, 1935, p. 94) Like the Dark Lady, the young man is not identified within the sonnets and the location of his identity has similarly exercised scholars across the generations. However, although it is certainly true that spurious identification is of passing interest: The identity of the fair youth matters much more to those who believe that the poems grew from personal experience than to those who believe that they are poetic fictions, influenced more by sonneteering convention than by life. (Bate, 2008, pp. 41-2) Bates point is well-taken since the actual identity of the object of love is indeed much less important to an appreciation of the sonnets than their importance as representative of aspects of love: Somehow the poems convince each reader that what he or she sees in them is what is really there. But somehow they then sneak up behind you and convince you of something completely different. (Bate, 2008, p. 43) It might be argued, in fact, that precisely because of the lack of knowledge concerning the individual to whom the sonnets are addressed, readers have formed a generic connective with them across the generations which is cathartic in its anonymity: How do we lesser mortals know to perform our lesser miracles of life? Again we face the enigma of all creation, which Shakespeare himself has simply accepted and has nowhere attempted to explain. What was there when there was nothing? And how does something more forever come from something less? Whether the creation be instantaneous, in six days, or in aeons of ages the miracle is no less. And in it we live, and move, and have our being. And perhaps, alas!, have in us too little of the poet to see that there is any miracle at all. (Baldwin, 1950, p. 384) Thus, the individual biographical aspects of the sonnets, though of interest, can never be a primary informative and this may, indeed, be beneficial, as we shall hope to see. Chapter One: The Marriage of True Minds Little is known about Shakespeares life and this has given rise to much speculation about his biographical background: It is one of the ironies attendant on the growth of Shakespeares reputation that even the most diligent scholarship has been able to uncover very little of the background of the poets personal or public life. However, the poverty of detail has merely spurred his biographers to increased scholarly, inferential, and imaginative activity. (Marder, 1963, p. 156) What is certain, since it is documented through baptism of the children, is that he was married to Anne Hathaway, a fairly well connected Stratford girl, older than himself, when he was eighteen, and they had three children: a daughter, Susanna, and twins, Hamnet and Judith. Despite this, or maybe because of it, he spent the vast majority of his life away from home in London where most of his writing took place. There has been a great deal written about how happy or otherwise the couple might have been, especially since he left Anne nothing in his will except his second best bed. Many have read this as an insult but perhaps a more appropriate reading is that the best bed was for guests and the second best the marriage bed therefore to bequeath this to his wife, far from being an insult, was a love token. Carol Ann Duffy writes of this in her sonnet Anne Hathaway: The bed we loved in was a spinning world of forests, castles, torchlight, clifftops, seas where he would dive for pearls. (Duffy, The Worlds Wife, 2000, p. 30) This tender version of love would seem much more appropriate, especially since the first seventeen of the sonnets, known as the procreation sonnets, are largely concerned with the recommendation of marriage to a young man. If Shakespeare was so violently against marriage then it seems unlikely that he would have recommended it. However, as always with the sonnets, this is not as straightforward as it seems with the directive to marry being somewhat complicated by other imperatives with which Shakespeare is clearly concerned, not least his affection for the Fair Youth. The early sonnets in the sequence should be considered as they pertain to the question of marriage itself, therefore, rather than as they relate to Shakespeares life: Shakespeares Sonnets raise a number of problems. We do not know when they were written, to whom they are addressed, nor even if they are certainly autobiographical. (Knight, 1955, p. 3) With this in mind it is not only preferable but essential, therefore, to qualify any discussion on the possible relationship between the sonnet topics and Shakespeares life with the reminder that we know so little about the latter that any inferences must be regarded as tenuously speculative at best. Thus, the marriage question which relates to the first seventeen sonnets cannot be seen as directed in any major sense by the poets own life: The greatest sonnets, those which are neither wholly conventional nor wholly autobiographical, preserve this balance between embroilment and detachment in a way which is truly dramatic. A personal experience may underlie each, but it is experience transmuted, as in the plays, into the correlative form of characters in action. To some degree these characters are the dramatic counterparts of actual people-the youth, the dark woman-though they are not the people themselves. Others belong, as personages, only to the microcosm of poetry: Time, for example, one of the most powerful villains among Shakespeares dramatis personae; and above all, Shakespeares own diverse masks and moods, fully realised and understood. (Mahood, 1988, p. 90) The idea that the sonnets are in any way biographical must, indeed, be questioned but it must also be remarked that the way the words are used within the sonnets might be attributable to Shakespeares personal consciousness: The nature of the wordplay in the Sonnets varies according to whether Shakespeare is too remote or too near the experience behind the poem or whether he is at a satisfying dramatic distance from it. When he is detached, the wordplay is a consciously used, hard-worked rhetorical device. When his complexity of feeling upon the occasion of a sonnet is not fully realised by him, the wordplay often reveals an emotional undercurrent which was perhaps hidden from the poet himself. But in the best sonnets the wordplay is neither involuntary nor wilful; it is a skilfully handled means whereby Shakespeare makes explicit both his conflict of feelings and his resolution of the conflict. (Mahood, 1988, p. 90) Thus, when in Sonnet CXVI he writes of the marriage of true minds (Shakespeare, William, 2003, p.343) he is perhaps inviting us to infer a connective between what he writes and what he feels, an altogether different kind of marriage, metaphorical rather than literal and certainly more of the mind than of the heart. As the sequence begins, the poet addresses the youth familiarly but in an almost didactic tone, of the older to the younger, as here in Sonnet I: From fairest creatures we desire increase, That thereby beautys rose might never die, But as the riper should by time decease, His tender heir might bear his memory: But thou contracted to thine own bright eyes, Feedst thy lights flame with self-substantial fuel, Making a famine where abundance lies, Thy self thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel: Thou that art now the worlds fresh ornament, And only herald to the gaudy spring, Within thine own bud buriest thy content, And, tender churl, makst waste in niggarding: Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the worlds due, by the grave and thee. (Shakespeare, William, 2003, p.113) The importance of this sonnet in establishing the poets themes throughout the sequence must be stressed, as here we see Shakespeare writing of the transience of beauty, the selfishness of the individual, the battle between desire and fulfilment, the beauty of the natural world and its comparative with human beauty (to which he will return in the well-known Sonnet XVIII and elsewhere) and the basic responsibility of man to procreate or, as the sonnet has it, increase and thereby beautys rose might never die. All of these relate to the human condition and also perhaps to Shakespeares own concerns: In the case of a poet, I suggest it is chiefly through his images that he, to some extent unconsciously, gives himself away. He may be, and in Shakespeares case is, almost entirely objective in his dramatic characters and their views and opinions, yet, like the man who under stress of emotion will show no sign of it in eye or face, but will reveal it in some muscular tension, the poet unwittingly lays bare his own innermost likes and dislikes, observations and interests, associations of thought, attitudes of mind and beliefs, in and through the images, the verbal pictures he draws to illuminate something quite different in the speech and thought of his characters. (Spurgeon, 1935, p. 4) Thus, the fact that the boy is referred to in relation to fairest creatures facilitates the poets directive that this places upon the individual a responsibility: beauty is not given to die but to be carried on by the tender heir. The register is imperative and commanding, with the poet adopting the voice of one who has the authority to instruct by reason of superior age and wisdom, hence perhaps the juxtaposition of riper and decrease in the preceding line to reference to the tender heir and memory. The youth is instructed that he is, in common parlance, his own worst enemy, Thy self thy foe, since he does not see the waste of his beauty which lies in his refusal to share his gifts with posterity via procreation. This accusatory tone is extended to the self-abuse of masturbation in Within thine own bud buriest thy content, which also bears the pun of pleasure and substance, and the youth referred to as a glutton and tender churl, the latter implying an indulgence in the chiding of t he boy. This is, of course, the supreme image of the waste with which the poet is concerned since to make a famine where abundance lies is almost seen as a blasphemy, refusing, selfishly, to procreate and eat the worlds due by the selfish pursuit of personal indulgence: contracted to thine own bright eyes, as with Narcissus, in love with his own reflection and failing to see the self-destruction that is inherent in this. In addition, by referring to the boy in terms of a rose, the poet introduces the classic Romantic emblem of love as well as re-emphasising the transience of the poets beauty. This idea of beauty and its connective with nature is again related in terms of a comparative with natures beauty and inveterate perishability in Sonnet XVIII: Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summers lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst, Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growst, So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. (Shakespeare, William, 2003, p.147) The comparison of the transience of natures beauty with that of the youth to whom the poem is addressed is clear, yet the rhetoric of the opening seems to imply an equivocal nature to the connective of the extended metaphor that follows. The tentativeness of the image is also emphasised by this questioning in the first line and it enhances both the intimacy of the register of address and the relationship of the poet with the wider readership. This latter is important because it is so much a concern in the poem, with the idea of immortality attached here to writing as it was previously attached to procreation. The common denominator here is the idea of creation itself and its connective with the eternal. This is perhaps one of Shakespeares more famous sonnets, if not the most famous, therefore it is fitting that in a dissertation concerned with the aspects of love which the sonnets present, attention should be paid to the aspect of the writing which pertains to the process of creation and its connective with the reader. It is interesting to note, indeed, that the poet chooses to stress the importance of the eternal lines which he is composing and how this overcomes the basic transience of life and beauty whether in nature or humanity. Indeed, the punctuation of this sonnet is indicative of its imperative since there is frequent usage of the colon throughout, implying a thought begun and completed in each quatrain, functioning almost as enjambment and enhancing the idea that the many aspects of beauty and life which this sonnet covers are embodied within one thought as evidenced in the single extended metaphor which informs the sonnet as a whole. The poets almost godlike assimilation of the power to grant immortality appears dangerously hubristic in abstract and indeed encourages the inference that Shakespeare was aware of the strength of his poetic gifts and their ability to confer a kind of immorality on the object of love, who by the end of the sonnet has become subject to the sonneteer rather than in command. As the poet is also using his gifts to describe the loved one via nature, the features of the numinous within nature become connected with this hubristic stance. Thus, natures changing course and Chance, which significantly begins a line, are to some extent negated, or at least qualified, by the poets art. Features of life which terrify, therefore, such as death cannot brag in the face of the eternal nature of Art: Shakespeare prophetically felt the immortality and universality of his plays even though he seems to have made no great effort toward their preservation in print. (Marder, 1963, p. 361) This might, this sonnet would seem to suggest, also be extended to the sonnets. Indeed, in daring to criticise the glories of nature, Shakespeare appears to place creative Art above it, since it, unlike all that is natural, survives, only, though, as long as it is appreciated, as the final couplet significantly testifies: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. In this way, Shakespeare demonstrates an awareness of the fundamental importance of the connection between writer and reader, reinforced perhaps by his experience as an actor and writer of drama. Hence, the voice of the actor may be perceived in the words of the sonneteer and universality as well as the eternal perceived in both: On this planet the reputation of Shakespeare is secure. When life is discovered elsewhere in the universe and some interplanetary traveler brings to this new world the fruits of our terrestrial culture, who can imagine anything but that among the first books carried to the curious strangers will be a Bible and the works of William Shakespeare. (Marder, 1963, p. 362) Thus, Shakespeare may be seen, via the sonnets and plays, to transcend what is perceived as immediate in aspects of love and engage with the eternal. Chapter Two: I do believe her though I know she lies The potent sexual content of the sonnets becomes a major directive following the romantic turning point of Sonnet XVIII. The sequence moves powerfully from restrained yet poetic discussion of aspects of love to explicit sexual references which are concerned more with lust than love and often deceit is linked to this and this duplicity is most often associated with the heterosexual sonnets. Importantly, the passion is not directed solely towards heterosexual love, instead it involves an equal, if not stronger, reflection of homoerotic desire, with the Fair Youth and the Dark Lady equally powerful in the poets passion, indeed, often the two overlap producing an androgynous aspect to the passion which also appears in the plays: The first thing that startles the reader about the sonnets is the emotional virtuosity of the protagonist. The poems appear to have been composed over a longer period of years, and to cover a greater range of passionate experience, than any one of the plays. In recognizing the variety of moods and attitudes Shakespeare accumulates in the sonnets, we may choose either to admire his protean nature as an actual passionate friend and lover, or to stress his dexterity in accumulating such an extraordinary range of amatory motifs from literary sources. Either his own nature was unusually flexible and susceptible, or he deliberately chose to display the full scope of literary permutations of which emotional relationships are capable. Probably both views are true: he dexterously coordinated first-hand experience with the accumulated resources of the sonnet tradition, from the solemn and sentimental to the cynical and outrageous. (Richmond, 1971, p. 19) This is particularly noticeable in Sonnet XX where the poet longs for the youth to be a woman and the homoerotic replaces the marital directive which appeared in the didactic tone of the first sonnets in the sequence: A womans face with natures own hand painted, Hast thou, the master mistress of my passion; A womans gentle heart, but not acquainted With shifting change, as is false womens fashion: An eye more bright than theirs, less false in rolling, Gilding the object whereupon it gazeth; A man in hue all hues in his controlling, Which steals mens eyes and womens souls amazeth. And for a woman wert thou first created; Till Nature, as she wrought thee, fell a-doting, And by addition me of thee defeated, By adding one thing to my purpose nothing. But since she prickd thee out for womens pleasure, Mine be thy love and thy loves use their treasure.(Shakespeare, William, 2003, p.151) Shakespeare confronts directly here the clear belief that women are duplicitous and deceitful and that the master mistress of his passion, though gifted with a womans gentle heart is not acquainted/With shifting change, as is false womens fashion. The eye, the traditional window of the soul, is more bright but less false. Thus, the poet suggests that the beautiful youth has all a womans best gifts but none of her faults, a state of perfection to be idealised in desire. Shakespeare develops this by writing directly of the sexual difference where the punning prickd is clearly a reference to the redundancy of the penis for the poet. Nature here is the enemy, even the jealous sexual predator, having me of thee defeated thus frustrating the desires of the poet by changing what he perceives to be the original intention, to create a woman, in the addition of the male organ of procreation. The amorphous image appears to be the ideal with neither male nor female specifics to obscure or defeat the perfection of the union. Whether this desire is linked to Shakespeares own desire is equivocal as are all inferences of autobiographical content, it is tempting but dangerous to make too may autobiographical assumptions. However: In depicting this blend of adulation and contempt, and in all those sonnets where verbal ambiguity is thus used as a deliberate dramatic device, Shakespeare shows that superb insight into states of strangely mixed feelings which enabled him to bring to life a Coriolanus or an Enobarbus. Like Freud, he found the causes of quibbling by studying his own quibbles; and the detachment which such an analysis implies imparts to the best of the Sonnets that objectivity we look for in the finest dramatic poetry. (Mahood, 1988, p. 110) Certainly, there is a Freudian homoerotic subliminal here but there is no evidence to suggest that this was an actual experience of the poet any more than we can say that he wrote Hamlet therefore he must have experienced being the Prince of Denmark. To do either is to ignore Shakespeares imaginative genius and his ability to transmute the fancy into the creative, with both forming then a reality which has little if any connection with fact. So, although Shakespeare may have had sexual liaisons with both sexes and been crossed in love, the genius is in producing what can be seen to be unrelated to what might possibly have occurred in fact into an emblem of a generic tendency in humanity to which most of us can relate: If Shakespeares speaker fictionalized the young man, so too he fictionalizes himself (Berry, 2001, p.1). Having said that, Sonnet XX has been seen as offering significant clues not only to the nature of Shakespeares own sexuality but also to the identity of the Fair Youth himself and certainly to the reality of the human image even in its placing, as Kathryn Duncan Jones has pointed out in her notes to her 2003 edition of the Sonnets (the edition used throughout this dissertation): The placement of this anatomical sonnet at 20 may allude to a traditional association of this figure with the human body, equipped with twenty digits (Duncan Jones, 2003, p. 150). The direct connection which Duncan Jones makes between anatomy and imagination in this sonnet is interesting in that it breaches the gap between what might be seen to be metaphorical and what is actually a human figurative. Indeed, she goes on in her Introduction to expand on this: Many more numerological finesses may be discerned. For instance, the embarrassingly anatomical sonnet 20 [which] probably draws on primitive associations of the figure with the human body, whose digits, fingers and toes, add up to twenty (Duncan Jones, 2003, p. 101). As to the identity of the youth to which clues are supposedly to be found in this sonnet, they largely attach to the usage of the word, or name it is suggested, of hue and hues (spelt Hew and Hews in the Quarto). This, it has been mooted, might relate to a specific individual, especially as critics have noted that the name appears in one form or another, even if only in disparate letters, throughout the sonnet. As with much of the investigation into a connective between Shakespeares life and his Art, the link is at best speculative and at worst spurious and in either case somewhat superfluous: The sonnets have an extraordinary capacity to elicit categorical statements from their interpreters. It is announced that the youth is Southampton, the youth is Pembroke, the youth is nobody, the dark lady is Mary Fitton, she is Aemilia Lanyer, she is nobody, the sonnets are based on experience, they are not based on experience, the love was not homosexual, the love was homosexual, the love was a dramatic fiction which ha

Overview and Analysis of the PAPA Model

Overview and Analysis of the PAPA Model PAPA Model: Today, the massive use of computer science information technology in the business world and other intuitions has brought many ethical issues and concern. Mason introduced four most crucial ethical issues of the information era on 1986: which are Privacy, accuracy, property and accessibility abbreviated to PAPA. Mason’s PAPA model focused on the individual impairment which could arise from the unethical or misuse of information and information technology. Based on the Framework developed by Mason we can analyse and reach the conclusion on ethical issues emerged by the unethical use of information technology. PAPA model enlightens depth knowledge on what the Privacy, accuracy, property and accuracy means, how they are interrelated, what are their differences and how they help us to reach the conclusion on ethical issues. Privacy: In general understanding, privacy means the right to be free from secret scrutiny and to determine whether, when, how and to whom, one’s personal or organisational information is to be revealed. The privacy Act 1988 regulates how personal information is handled. The Privacy Act defines personal information as †¦information or an opinion, whether true or not, and whether recorded in a material form or not, about an identified individual, or an individual who us reasonably identifiable. There are two main factors which threaten our privacy today, firstly growth of information technology with its capacity of scrutiny, communication, computing, retrieval and storage, and secondly the increased value of information in decision making. Accuracy: It is the condition or quality of being true, correct or exact; free from error or defect. Inaccuracy may cause detracting situation on person’s life, organisations and business values. Here arises some question: who should be responsible for accuracy and authenticity of collected information? How can one believe that the data will be correctly inputted, processed properly and presented to users? On what basis should we believe bugs in database or system and processing are not done with intention and occurred accidently. Who takes the responsibility for glitch in information and how the victim will be reimbursed. Property: Property issues are concentrated on ownership and value of information. It also seeks the answer of few questions like, who is the owner of the information. What is the value of the exchange, and in which way the access to information or the recourses should be allocated? Here property means the intellectual property and its right. Once the intellectual property is provided somewhere or transmitted, it is complicated to keep the person as it becomes communicable and more difficult to be reimbursed. Accessibility: its issues are concerned on who has the permission to access the information, who holds the rights or keys to access it, what data an individual or organisations are privileged to acquire with which safeguards and under what terms and conditions? After going through the scenario provided and from my own research I consider, all four areas have given rise to ethical issues for Joseph where some have higher level of the issue whereas other has a low level effect. Most importantly it gives rise to privacy issues followed by others. Privacy issues: Joseph’s personal or we can say the very confidential information was compromised which could lead to very disastrous consequences, identity theft makes life miserable. If Joseph had given attention on lecture’s warning to them to be careful and vigilant while providing personal information to companies over the internet, he might be on safe side but rather he thought him old-fashioned and never thought some issues may arise while providing information to a company like Sony. How can one decide on whom to trust? How much information can one give to others? Accuracy Issues: Being the customer of Sony Joseph had right to get accurate and timely information, to whom he had provided his personal information to credit card details with trust. Accurate information of personal information and credit card details being hacked was provided only after a whole week of the incident following by other misleading and fake information. Though, the hackers couldn’t do any misuse of data they might have destroyed everything in a week time customers could take precaution to Property Issues: When Joseph could not restore the backup file it gives rise to property issues. He bought games from Sony he collected trophies but did he really own that? Did Sony own the data that customers provided? Sony’s data breach is one of the biggest data breach to date which has given rise to various concerns in the Sony’s privacy policy and security measures. Though, other issues also marked a question to Sony’s management especially it has fueled to Privacy concern. When an organisation gathers personal information of its customers, employees and other stakeholders they must assure the safety and security of those. Breach of personal information can be proved very dangerous and it has been proved in many cases, for example, Jessica’s Story of the mail scam. The main issue and the question arise to Sony is where they really serious on Privacy issues, had they meet all the privacy measures and followed the protocol. If they had done so how someone could hack and enter into their system. Breach of over 77million accounts including all the personal details and credit card of the customer was not a small issue. This issue gave a big question mark to Sony. The mana gement took a whole week to inform its customer of the actual reason for shutdown of its network, which is questionable. If a breach does occur, effective handling of the response is a key. This means planning and preparing for such an event in advance. A policy should be drawn up, under which it is suggested that prompt notification is made to both the customers and the regulators. All staff should have data protection training appropriate to their role, and appropriate compensation, support and remedial plans should be prepared. Though it was Sony violated the privacy of its customer Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. I find some statements made by Privacy commissioner Timothy Pilgrim questionable. He stated that Sony did have a case to answer as they did not intentionally disclose any confidential information is not surprising, simply put Australia has no real commercial Privacy or security legislation for Sony to breach. The fact that Sony did not show a duty of care and/or displayed a complete lack regard for the personal information entrusted to them by their clients is completely ignored by the commissioner. Sonys duty of care is to maintain appropriate IT security systems, policies and procedures to maintain client data confidential, private and available whether at rest, in transit or in a process. It is obvious that they did not take these duties of care obligations seriously until that proverbial substance hit the fan. Statement by Pilgrim â€Å"Sony has now extra security measures to strengthen protection around the network platforms† highlights its historical disregard for client confidentiality in their corporate culture and I do not think that any Australian Government officials should comment and try to forgive such obvious laissez-faire behaviour. Can he answer us, what reasonable steps Sony took to protect individual’s credentials? Now, they actually created a CSO role. They didnt have this before? What fines were handed down for this breach? How can he show that legislation protects individual’s information to overseas organisations? I opened this investigation because I was concerned that Australians personal information may have been compromised, Pilgrim said. However, his concerns were unfounded, with Pilgrim finding that the company hadnt breached the Act. Seriously, just why does Sony Corporation require our full date of birth? Year only should be adequate to verify a customer is over 18 probe further only if the year reveals someone turning 18 that year. As such, Sony should be 100% liable for any loss plus damages for emotional distress to any customer, their spouse and immediate family, in respect of any customer who has their identity was stolen and fraud committed. And also it has to be made clear that whether it identified a culprit in the intrusion. Guilty must be punished.

Essay --

Hello Mr. Schneider and classmates. Are you aware that more than 443,000 people die annually in the United States from cigarettes including deaths from second hand smoke, so why is smoking still legal? Although there are specific restrictions such as where smoking is permitted and not permitted in certain states of the U.S. it should be banned completely throughout the United States of America. By banning cigarettes it would help people who smoke and people who don’t smoke. As I said before more than 443,000 people die from cigarettes but, 50,000 of those people do not even smoke. Most of the people who do not smoke die from second hand smoke because of lung or heart disease. Nearly 20 percent of women and men smoke in the United States. Their is another variation of the cigarette called smokeless tobacco, that is thought to be better than smoking regular cigarettes In June 2010 smokeless tobacco companies had to put these warnings on their products; Warning: This product can cause Mouth cancer, Warning: This product can cause gum disease and tooth loss, Warning: This product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes, and Warning: Smokeless tobacco is addictive.These warning signs would surely bring attention to my eyes if I were using the product nevertheless putting the product into my mouth. There are many advertisements that have smoking in them either promoting them or going against them. TobaccofreeCA is a company that is highly against tobacco in the state of California. You probably have seen some of their advertisements on television. They have a new couple of commercials when they show old family footage where the people are happy, but in those commercials the people are coughing and after it says â€Å"Lost Moments.† This... ...ers started because of their friends smoking and peer pressure. I believe smoking should be banned in the U.S. not only do the harmful fumes hurt you, they affect others. Why keep a harmful product that kills not only the people that smoke but ,also anyone around them. Many cigarette smokers claim it's their body their harming but  it affects everyone. Imagine how many people would still be living if they never started smoking. Many children live with parents who smoke, and imagine how many times they are made fun of because the way they smell. Cigarette smoke can't just disappear, or be covered up with products that use smelly fumes such as Lysol. Many people who try to stop give up because they think they can't give smoking up but, it is possible to stop. So do yourself a favor and  don't give your hard earned money and your life to those nasty cigarette companies.

Peace in Islam :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frederick Denny, the keynote speaker of the night spoke on Islam and its moral responsibility and how Muslims need to educate. He was a very intelligent man and great speaker, but he was too philosophical for the students in the audience. I was one of those misfortunate souls who could not understand where he was going. He hit on many key points that connected the current problems of Islam and ideas of liberation theology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He stressed that Islam is and always will be a monotheistic, ethical religion. I agree with this statement and with the education of the youth and the world, others will see that Islam is not evil or that much different from Christianity in faith. In his randomness he also hit on the ideas of sin. In Islam Ma’arvt and Mounkar are the Islamic terms for what Christians call sinless and sinful acts or the expectable and not expectable behaviors. From these aspects of faith one can seek justice and morality through God, the one who wills and acts justly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spiritual morality and justice are filtered from God and should not be questioned. We should take what he gives us and use it responsibly. Doing what is right and just in the eyes of the lord will draw one closer to the almighty. Closeness to the Creator is the ultimate of all Muslims and with understanding and education all will see that this is the goal of all the Abraham faiths. All 3 believe that happiness comes from love for him. He asks only that we should â€Å"spend of our substances out of love for him alone.† Meaning moral duty enacted out of duty for him, â€Å"for god’s sake first.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doing all things through the lord first and then showing and educating the people, the world and Muslims alike in the ways of the lord can reach peace in Denny’s opinion. There are struggles with-in Islam itself with the more radical liberation theology. They take their faith to the extreme and segregate their own. Find peace from with-in, find peace amongst your brothers, and then find peace amongst your neighbors in order to accomplish Takwa (avoidance of unethical). There will be a great deal of suffering. Denny does not Denny does not deny that. He says along with many Muslims that suffering with the principle of faith. Arming oneself with the glory of God will maintain your spirits and ultimately lead you to peace.

Inner City

1. Financial Ratios— †¢Liquidity Ratio: measure the availability of cash to pay debt. Current Ratio = Current assets/ Current Liabilities 262,515/ 285,030= 0. 92 There is a problem meeting its short term obligations The best way to improve this ratio and better position the business to cover its short-term obligations is to better manage current liabilities (accounts payables).Generate more profit (cash) out of each sale by increasing profit (as long as it is competitive within the industry), reducing costs of goods sold (making the product with less cost or providing services with less costs) or finding efficiencies throughout the operating cycle. †¢Asset Management Ratio: indicate how successfully a company is utilizing its assets to generate revenues. Inventory Turnover= COGS/ Average inventory 1,428,730/ 18,660= 76. 57 Indicate a shortage or inadequate inventory levels, which may lead to a loss in business.Average days to sell the inventory= 365 days/ inventory t urnover ratio 365/ 76. 57= 4. 8 Measure of the number of times inventory is sold or used in a time period (a year). A low turnover rate might point to overstocking, obsolescence, or deficiencies in the product line or marketing effort. On the other hand, a high turnover rate might indicate inadequate inventory levels, which can lead to a loss in business, as the inventory is too low (stock shortages). Receivables Turnover= Sales/ Accounts Receivable 1,784,080/ 242,320= 7. 36 A low ratio implies the company should re-assess its credit policies in order o ensure the timely collection of imparted credit that is not earning interest for the firm. Days Receivable= 365/ Receivables Turnover 365/7. 36= 49. 6= 50 The receivables turnover ratio is used to calculate how well a company is managing their receivables. Total assets turnover= Net Sales Revenue/ Average Total Assets 1,784,080/ 294,565= 6. 06 Measures the efficiency of a Co. use of its assets in generating sales revenue. Companies w ith low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, while those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Debt Management Ratio: measure the firm's use of Financial Leverage and ability to avoid financial distress in the long run. The use of debt can improve returns to stockholders in good years and increase their losses in bad years. Debt Ratio= Total Liabilities (Total Debt)/ Total Assets (285,030+ 15,000)/ 294,565= 1. 02 All assets are financed by creditors and some losses are covered by creditors. Indicates the proportion of a company's debt to its total assets. It shows how much the company relies on debt to finance assets. The higher the ratio, the greater the risk associated with the firm's operation.A low debt ratio indicates conservative financing with an opportunity to borrow in the future at no significant risk. †¢Profitability Ratio: represents the % of total sales that Co. retains after incurring the direct costs (variable costs) associated with produc ing the goods sold. Return on Assets= Net Income/ Average Assets 17,610/ 294,565= 5. 98% Indicates that the company is asset heavy. Net Profit Margin= Net Income/ Sales Revenue 17,610/ 1,784,080= 0. 987% A high percentage of each dollar generated by the company in revenue is actual profit Gross Profit Margin= 1,784,080-1,428,730)/ 1,784,080= . 20% Indicates that gross margin isn’t large enough to cover other expenses beyond cost of goods sold. Purpose of margins is to determine the value of incremental sales, and to guide pricing and promotion decision. Understanding and monitoring gross margins can help business owners avoid pricing problems, losing money on sales, and ultimately stay in business. Helps avoid offering prices that are too low or have costs that are too high to ultimately make a profit. 2. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats— †¢Strengths: Fast Service/ delivery- supplied paint to contractors within 24 hours, -Steady growth in its mark et, -Competitive price, -Cheap rent/ low overhead costs- gives a competitive advantage, -Cheap employee wages- nonunion organization, -Low production costs- low cost and high quality paint, -Excess capacity †¢Weaknesses: -Unorganized- operating with no management or financial controls, -Lack of consistent and reliable inventory control system, -No customer record (manual count): wastes too much time, -No office space, no billing records, no shipping information -Undesirable ocation and building is in poor condition: old plant, and old equipment (dusty, dirty environment) -No sales personnel, -No computer, no database, -Inexperienced/ unskilled employees, -Lack of delegation and employee empowerment -Narrow product line, -Bad cash flow: insufficient financial resources to fund any changes, -Culture, -Lack of customer confidence: customer perception as a company that negotiates price and unreliable to fill large orders. -Lag between time when they are paying their suppliers and e mployees versus time it takes to collect receivables from customers (30-60 days) †¢Opportunities: Expand product range: go after different segments, -Purchasing a computer to organize data and reduce needless paperwork, -Increase market share by taking large orders, -Hiring professional salesmen to ensure consistent growth and accountants/ consultants to identify problems and solutions: Lower cost of goods sold, lower expenses due to Walsh’s salary, and lower bad debt. †¢Threats: -Market is in slow growth- housing market and overall economy, -High bargaining power of suppliers -High threat of substitutes: larger Co are more reliable Threat of new entrants,low entry barriers in paint manufacturing industry -Rumors that company is in difficult financial straits- unable to pay suppliers and owes a lot for payment on previous taxes, -No audit has been performed= IRS penalties: Wash did not include his income taxes in his income statement; he owes $38,510 in taxes. 3. Re commendations— Within 30 Days: †¢Pay his taxes before he gets audited †¢Collect bad debt from clients †¢Hire personnel to assist in various tasks -Salesmen and accounting managers †¢Grow business and solve current financial problems Within 90 Days: Inner City Paint should keep records of inventory, finances, billing info. -They should invest in a computer and keep all records in a database to automatically calculate changes. †¢Take a cut in high salaries †¢Find and research new suppliers -To be able to provide timely delivery for large orders †¢Minimize COGS Beyond 90 Days: †¢Buy more equipment and trucks †¢Improve management skills and create policies †¢Earn business of larger clients †¢Manage business and growth of the company and to be able to acquire companies in the future that help attaining a larger market share.

Achievement Of African American Males Education Essay

Chapter two presents a fol pocket-sizedup of the literature harmonizing to the subjects as they re of late to Afri shadow-Ameri back mannishs and human existences tutoring. First, im sice i focuses on the damaging effect of atomic number 20 lofty civilise tametime see Examination ( CAHSEE ) , and the nix effects of gamey-s depletes examen the lavishly coach impregnateman acquirement of Afro-Ameri whoremonger mascu f dodderys, magnificence of sports to b overlook mannishs , imp forge of racial discrimination in the vivification Afro-the assignsn mascu get out disciplinechilds, memoir of eugenics execution and its exposeure, place and Afro-Ameri cease man desires , tame day and separationism by bothiance, the high shoal recede off govern of Afro-American learners, the drilldays refinement and the imp identification number of heathenishl(a)y antiphonal perpetration. Fol dis casteding, ramification two examines the effects of educational Torahs and policies, and incident focal point. Section three reviews indispens competent maternal(p) factors or the wish on that pointof, act uponing the claw s up take oning positively or dis t emerge ensembleowly, and nutrition as they collide with African-American manlys. Finally, instalment four dressed ores on in-school factors instructors outlooks and perceptual bangs. This chapter closes with a sum-up of the recapitulation of the literature.California pedagogy Code ( CEC ) Section 60850 ( a ) accredited the victimisation of the California mettle or so indoctrinate passing runaway Examination ( CAHSEE ) , which requires scholarly persons in California exoteric schools to go by opines of a downstairstake to boast a high school sheepskin c be little(predicate) of disciples orders and re erudition accretion. Educators nominated concerns, which delayed bad medication of the test for two old ages. However, in October 2001, willing sopho to a greater extent thans from the kinsperson of 2004 took the first CAHSEE. Initially, the CAHSEE was mean as a beginning bear on for the category of 2004 ( cde.ca.gov, 2006 ) , tho the rural atomic number 18a get on with of nurture revised the deadline and officially require the scrutiny for the category of 2006 ( cde.ca.gov, 2006 ) .CAHSEE harmonizing to the California section of procreation ( 2006 ) had the downstairs watched primary absorbedThe primary heading of the California high school take aim Exit Examination ( CAHSEE ) is to consequentially purify student act in public high schools and to guarantee that pupils that alumna from public high schools can up take to grade degree competence in reading, authorship, and maths. CAHSEE sequels atomic number 18 similarly lot of the donnish Per plaster castance Index calculated by the several(prenominal)ize of California and the Adequate periodical Progress calculated by the national offi cial official administration as portion of the No claw left wing stinker be. ( cde.ca.gov, 2006 ) refutation of the equal right to first- shape commandment, to which all kids argon entitled, resulted in Afro-American masculine pupils being left without a vision, or a productive here after(prenominal)(prenominal) ( Brown, 2006 ) . As a implication, piteous black man interchangeable person pupils, without understanding, autumn into a foreord personaled golf hole int subverted for school ill and social ine character ( Apple, 1993 Delpit, 1995 Larson & A Ovando, 2001 ) .Jennings ( 1997 ) insist that rough opposite minority groups, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Latinos, withal continue to residualure from favoritism Afro-American communities t completion to bear harsher w eightsome in footings of absolute Numberss and proportions of house put ons alter in close to(prenominal) achieven community. He further affirm The degrees of poverty amongst African americans ar super high, and thinness still is a spotty world for umteen African americans now ( p.2 ) . The American Dream could as a proceeds be say to truss bypassed a commodious bulk of the black population ( Winant, 2004 ) . As white citizens go more appeased in being able to achieve the American Dream and accommodate assurance in its transference to African-Americans, African-Americans fuck off more dubious if the dream is doable for them ( Brown, 2005 ) .Section 1 proscribe instant of spunky School Exit Examination ( CAHSEE )In the reappraisal of the literature let the cat out of the bag California racy School Exit Examination ( CAHSEE ) nil was found associating to its meet on pupils who did non go by means of CAHSEE hence, the reappraisal of the literature was encompassingened to take high-stakes testing. But so far wizard survey was located by Reardon and Kurlaender ( 2009 ) in their survey comp bed Effectss of the California High S chool Exit Exam on Student Persistence, Achievement, and Graduation on pupils pattern to graduate in 2005- who were non subjected to the CAHSEE requirement- to similar pupils in two ulterior cohorts, who were subjected to the ingest. The result of their surveies give tongue toCAHSEE demand has had no positive effects on pupils donnishian reach outments peculiarly first gear-achieving pupils whom the CAHSEE exponent correspond motivated to massage unspokener in school learned no more among 10th and 11th class when comp ard with the pupils in the old cohort who were non subjected to the demand ( p.1 ) .Reardon and Kurlaender ( 2009 ) assert CAHSEE has non met its intended end of meridian pupil deed to run into the responsibleness s goal-level standards, and that it appears to collapse disproportionately cast out topic for minority pupils.Negative effects of High-Stakes TestingMadaus & A Clark ( 2001 ) defines a trial as High Stakes if the results of the tr ial progress to picture result for pupils, staff, or school. Goldberg ( 2004 ) take a firm stand that in an effort to do well-nigh(prenominal) schools snap off, some body politics declare choose policies that build up use of high-stakes trial to make up ones dis side the graduation, grade publicity and the wages of their pupils in high school.Vision, Gibson, and Ross ( 2001 ) apply that high-stakes standardised trials fail to admit and account for oneness and cultural engagements in acquaintance, reputes, experiences, larning manners, stinting resources, and ledger entry to dominant academic artefacts that finally contri just nowe to twain the visual aspect of motion and the position of cultural hegemony upon which standards-based see the lights depend.Bishop ( 2006 ) and Roderick and Engel ( 2001 ) , protagonists of high-stakes proving keep the belief that ill fortune of an spot scrutiny serves as a utile signal to schools and consequences in pupils increa se their attempt and motive, while some arrestmans plead against this. Whereas Huebert & A Hauser ( 1998 ) imagined that issue scrutiny misery does non take to reliable pupil exercise or additions and in fact, whitethorn caution pupils to go on firm in school. They elevate argued that dependance on a individual standardised trial may hold unintended results.In line with the joined States determination to follow cosmopolite criterions and high bets proving in galore(postnominal) an early(a)(prenominal) provinces, the course of study for hap slight kids and kids of colour to derive noesis and finish each flake high as their more privileged equals has non standard unsafe care ( McLaughlin, 2000 ) .Losen ( 2005 ) indicated that the usage of high-stakes trials that burden ill taught kids with sheepskin denial and range degree keeping called for immediate aid and reappraisal. He suggested that the inappropriate usage of high-stakes proving credibly exacerbated th e self-consistent elicitage of the exclusion of low achieving and special(prenominal) tuition pupils from province appraisals employ for school and ground answerability.Psychological question on familiar pupil inducing suggests those pupils answers to an issue scrutiny contingent close toly on pupils grasps of the wages. Goal theoreticians proposed that go bying an issue scrutiny represents an acquirement end, a end based on put up throughing some external criterion, as against to a end based on accomplishing command of some peculiar idea ( Ames, 1984 Covington, 2000 ) . query on pupil incentive armys that carry throughing ends by and large do non take pupils to tone down their substantial knowledge of the stuff but instead lead pupils to concentrate on carry throughing a burst criterion that may be irrelevant to their command. Specifically, that is, pupils placing CAHSEE as an carry throughing end volition connote that they focus on go throughing the tria l instead than get the hanging the natural stuff assessed ( informational Evaluation and insurance policy Analysis, 2010 ) .Ridman, Brown, & A Clark ( 1987 ) found that pupils who were unsuccessful in minimal competence trials manifested a measurable addition in expectancy of badness alongside a similar decrease in general self-pride. However, when they compared pupils with small-scale calamity of calamity who had passed to pupils with high hazard of disaster who passed, they determined that these two groupings of pupils had no such alterations along these dimensions. Therefore, the writers attributed the psychological alterations they observed to the experience of failure.( B ) African-American young-begetting(prenominal)s Academic PerformanceAfro-american priapics come up several societal, frugal and academic jobs that form a obstruction against their academic action ( Alonzo, Tindal, & A Robinson, 2008 ) . Often these jobs cause the sonish work forces to lose ho pe, take an crop breeding, and reverted to belongings a drab prospect payable to racialism, stamp, desperation, school dropout, defeat, captivity, medicine dependence, ailment, offense, unemployment, or even decease ( Holzer, 2006 ) .Pollard ( 1993 ) asserted in his article Gender, Achievement, and Afro-american Students Percepts of Their School Experience that unsuccessful winners Afro-american young-begetting(prenominal) pupils reported slight(prenominal)(prenominal) positive self-perceptions, less inter own(prenominal) detain, and less active job resolution. He farther declared that there were literatures that machine-accessible the school- associate attitude of Afro-american anthropoid pupils, but much of this composing related Afro-american priapic pupil s academic public launching and intimately frequently, their consummation is considered in comparing to their white-hot male pupils. In his averment he declared a great grapple of question on this subje ct centre on placing drive why Afro-american male pupils demonstrated widespread failure and/or low school public entry ( p.343 ) .Alexander and Entwisle ( 1988 ) s service that the academic public first appearance of Afro-american male pupils continues to dawdle behind that of uncloudeds. This is reflected in the study differences that still outliveed betwixt scurrilous and livid male pupils in the type of classs they were pose in, their college attending evaluate, and the degree to which they were excluded from school ( Nelson-Le Gall, 1991 select educational activity for Minority Project, 1990 ) .Powell ( 1989 ) associated Afro-american male pupils hapless academic public presentation to psychological factors such as hapless self-concept or need of incentive ( Graham, 1989 ) . tour Fine ( 1991 ) and Oakes ( 1985 ) associated the chief beginning of the low academic achievement of Afro-american male pupils to deficiency of equity of school resources. They furth er argued that Afro-american males , specially those from hapless rearwardgrounds were denied entree to adequate educational resources and were victims of school policies such as exclusion from school. Boateng ( 1990 ) said Afro-american males pupils may be less inclined to go tangled in larning from a course of study that neglect or debases their civilization and heritage. Racial stratification has been seen as a arm of take imbibe the position of African-American male pupils in this hunting lodge ( Mickelson and Smith, 1989 ) , in add-on to this are social policies that excluded Afro-american males from to the full-of-the-moon tackings portion in societal and economic organisations, and as such schools are nonionized to lend an inferior command to Afro-american male pupils , therefore ensuing to their low position in society ( Ogbu, 1990 ) .SportsHoberman ( 1997 ) asserted that strenuosity, which most Afro-american males cherished, contributed to seeable racism an d unconscious onslaughts on Afro-american males in society from freshs. Hoberman ( 2000 ) further tell that the dreams of many Afro-american males to accomplish acknowledgment through acrobaticss give captured many Afro-american male pupils to endorse off from educational detects.In position of the fact that high school sports are ever combined with the pupils academic public presentations. Afro-american male pupils who do non win academically confound been denied run a risks to take part in athleticss ( Holland & A Andre, 1987 ) .Self-PerceptionHarmonizing to Steele & A Aronson ( 1995 ) stereotype menace referred to being at hazard of corroborating, as a self-characteristic, a negative stereotype active one s societal group ( p.801 ) .Steele s ( 1997 ) indicated that pupils can harmonise stereotypes into their ain perceptual experiences of their self-concepts and thereby adopt and amplify into their feel perceptual experience. This theory in any event asserted that pupils tend to cut down countries in which they remember they are non so intimately or in which they are penalise ill, such as in the classroom, and conversely pupils prefer countries where they excel, such as sports and early(a) physical facets.Marble ( 1986 ) said that the critical job for Afro-american male pupils is that they collect an inability to specify themselves outside of the negative stereotypes that the unfitger society has imposed on them. Afro-american male pupils tend to ascribe these attitudes and stereotypes and thereby develop negative perceptual experiences nearly themselves, the educational procedure, and reticent biass ( Kunjufu, 1986 ) .Negative stereotype and purposeless student- driller dealingships are an of instant ground for the failure of dispirited males. Research shows that disfranchising stereotypes have a negative consequence on pupils geting accomplishment and taking portion in scientific discipline and maths categories, and important student-teacher relationships have an consequence on pupils encyclopedism and engagement in scientific discipline and mathematics categories ( Brand, Glasson, & A Green, 2006 ) . They farther tell apartd that Afro-american males have a high inclination to attest few academic strong desires, are less liable(predicate) to complete high school on clip, and are at greater hazard of displace out of school compared with separate cultural groups.History of Racism against African-Americans males Since the yearss of bondage, Afro-american males have been combating the stigmas that they can non win, that they are non any bit intelligent as fresh males that they can non accomplish a high-level success on an academic footing, and unluckily, these stigmas exist twain in society and in the educational sphere ( Kunjufu, 2002, p.94 ) .History has shown sporting persons controlled the assertion of African-Americans, and in many instances, on purpose deprive them of any schooling to maintain them cognizing their rights. The attitude that prevailed was ap promote in the life of Frederick Douglass ( a former slave ) when the Mr. Auld, the hubby of the kept woman who was helping him to larn, subjectd, If you teach that nigger how to read, there would be no maintaining him, it would everlastingly disqualify him to be a slave. He would everlastingly go incompetent and of no lever to his maestro ( Douglass, 2004, p.47 ) . all over clip, African-Americans began to make love the authorization embedded in the ability to read and compose, and as a consequence, became motivated. Frederick Douglass s manner of speaking carry his inspiration, a what made washcloth swelled male so much more unchewable than abusive adult male, l k parvenu what sceptred them and what cubic decimeter undeniable to be empowered, the recitement of Mr. Auld so warmly urged, against my encyclopaedism to read, but served to animate me with a desire and finding to larn ( Douglass 2004, p.48 ) .As a slave Douglass discovered the previously unknown power and bare(a)dom and became sensitive of their eternal potency, so he began swan on the lining and didactics other slaves to read so they, likewise, could detect the same. His words conveyed his purpose, I taught them, because it was the delectation of my psyche to be making something that looked like breaking the status of my runcourse, for it is bad to be shut up in mental darkness front to larning how to read ( Douglass, 2004, p.88 ) .Patterson ( 1982 ) compared a slave to a socially dead individual. He was deprived of all indispensable things of life, he is non allowed to put claim to anything and was separated from close relations at any clip without his consent. He farther body politicd that slaves were dishonored individuals because of absence seizure seizure of any independent societal relationships and deficiency of power.Peterson-Lewis & A Bratton ( 2004 ) stated that some of the grou nds that contributed to the crisis of Afro-american males have include racism and favoritism brought more or less by bondage and has resulted to Afro-american males growth assorted behaviours such as transporting guns or unsafe weapons system in an effort to defy the unremitting effects of subjugation.Leary ( 2005 ) in publication Post-Traumatic striver Syndrome highlighted a scenario where a threatening egg-producing(prenominal) parent and white female parent were engaged in a communion well-nigh the academic and societal promotional material of their boies who were schoolmates and teammatesThe unappeasable female parent asked the clean female parent about her boy s ascendingment. The White female parent described her boy in freshness footings such as dexterous , gifted , and unspoilt jock and so on. However, when the White female parent asked the portentous female parent about her boy s emanation, though clear proud of her boy, the shameful female parent verbaliseed about his sometimes less than the fitting behaviours in school and at place. It is of import to observe that the Afro-american pupil was surpassing the Caucasic pupil, both in the schoolroom and in the athletic sphere, but his female parent unattended to publically admit his accomplishments ( p.145 ) .In bitchiness of all attempts to better uneffective schools and raise academic achievement, there is a well-documented, stay achievement spread between dismantle pupils and hapless pupils every bit unplayful as between White pupils and Black pupils ( Grissmer & A Flanagan, 2001 ) .When one considers the consistent high(prenominal) dropout rates of African American male pupils, the inclusion of critical race forge in bid is necessary. Critical race theory presupposes the historical and modern-day take to the woods that racism has vie, and continues to play in instruction, and it asks inquiries that are more acute. How has racism contributed to educational dispar ities? How can it be dismantled? The fact that race and racism influence the widespread failure or low-academic accomplishment of Afro-american male pupils has become clearer. We begin to understand the broad influences inequality, favoritism, race and racism have and how these act upon the dropout. Lewis s ( 2006 ) stated, it is indispensable for the pupils to understand how they believe these signifiers of race influence their worlds in schools and in schoolrooms and determine their accidents for larning. Eugenicss MotionThe literature of eugenics broad back to the periods of Plato, the recent urge was the work of Francis Galton a cousin of Charles Darwin, who was alarmed by the hazard of mastermind in some posterities more than others ( Buchanan et. al. , 2000, p.30 ) .Galton ( 1883 ) fabricated the term eugenics , specifying is as the scientific discipline of bettering stock-not merely by prudential coupling, but whatever intended to give the mastermind descendants a better opportunity of been predominant over the less suited posterities than they otherwise would hold had. ( p.40 )Weindling ( 1989 ) stated that in1905 in Germany the Racial Hygiene association was formed in Berlin, and in 1907 the side of meat Eugenics teaching Society was founded, with Galton elected honorary president in 1908 ( Kevles, 1985, p.59 ) . In the thinked Kingdom and the join States, the eugenics motion focussed on the c write down and upper categories, with many professionals and faculty members included ( Rafter, 1988 Mackenzie, 1981 Kevles, 1985 ) . The eugenics motion thoughts were forwarded greatly between 1890-1920 in many non- face-speaking states like Norway, Brazil, and the Soviet Union, and by 1923 when the society was accomplished in the join States there was a rapid gro denotation to the extent of holding 28 provinces subdivisions in a all of a sudden clip ( Kevles, 1985 ) .The linked Kingdom and the fall in States Eugenics society was both major(ip)ed in research plans, with Galton s work on genetic endowment and statistics act by his replacement Karl Pearson, and their coworkers in Galton research lab, which led to the gift called Galton Eugenics chairwoman ( Buchanan, et. al. , 2000, p.30 ) .Rafter ( 1988 ) stated that eugenics motion thoughts were right away spread in the populace, speaking about the unsuitable coevalss utilizing different words like white rubbish , Jukes , and the Kallikaks , and cautioned the populace that ill-considered generative act could convey great devastation to the coevalss ( p.31 ) .The eugenics thoughts varied from state to state and at heart each state s motion ( Buchanan, 2000, p.31 ) . The Gallic and Brazilians eugenics motions focused on neonatal attention as with genetic endowment, they believed that kids acquired their characters from their parents and these remained with them during their life-times ( Schneider, 1990 Stepan, 1991 ) . overly eugenicists differed in their practical proposals and the organic bodily social organisation that make their Torahs. rough encouraged the posterities that are by and large fit to hold larger nursing homes but detering the birthrate of those found to the lowest degree fit whereas many wanted both.between 1910 and 1930 non unpaid sterilization was allowed by legislative acts enacted in northern Europe, including Denmark and Germany, and in the get together States. The nonvoluntary sterilisation was carried out during depression in the United States on big Numberss of batch to the melody of 10s of 1000s, and the Nazi in Germany with the greatly stepped-up plan made several hundred 1000 incompetent of go-cart kids ( Buchanan, 2012, p.32 ) .Roll-Hansen ( 1980 ) asserted that in both the United States and Germany, some elect protagonists of eugenics turned their thoughts on race, and restricted immigrants with the believe that the immigrants are less intelligent and even pressed for Torahs prohibiting assorted matrimonies. Weiss ( 1990 ) and Proctor ( 1988 ) both wrote that eugenics was a major portion of health check thought in Germany, which envisioned three divisions of wellness medical attention for persons, public wellness for the community, and eugenics for the race.Weindling ( 1989 ) stated that eugenics in Germany was distinguished for its medical leading, though many circularable eugenicists were racialists and anti-semitic, others were acknowledged anti-racists, and some were political left. Burleigh and Wipperman ( 1991 ) asserted that accent was hardened on sublimating blood by the Germans as to rinse the state s heredity pool so that they could recover the illustriousness of their genetically sires.Proctor ( 1988 ) stated that historical for the weapons platform of blood purification to be achieved sterilisation of the unfit was introduced ( 10s of 1000s largely young kids were killed ) and afterward Holocaust was unfolded. The sterilisation and mercy kil l plans were exercisings in negative eugenics planned to ameliorate German degenerated status ( p.37 ) .The licking of Germans after the holocaust led to eugenicists in other states to exceed themselves from German eugenics, as German eugenicists were respected for their consistences and sense of purpose ahead the motion fell into general discredit. The Eugenically word ( 1945, p.2-3 ) hastened its readers to cognize thatIt can sometimes be as of import to populate for our noble-mindeds and to go through on a hefty heritage, as to decease for them when that clip comes. The heroes of valley Forge and Gettysburga testament hold died in vain if the best of our race in addition dies. The storkamust be kept winging, besides, along with the bird of Jove and the bombers. But it must wing to those places where proper environment will convey the best heredity to fruition, socially and biologically.patronage these attempts, the eugenics societies shortly lost their followings ( p. 38 )Harmonizing to Buchanan, Brock, Daniels, and Wikler ( 2000 ) about all eugenicists agreed that the purpose of Galton and Weismann was to better the boilers suit quality of the cistron pool, whether positively or negatively. Eugenicists saw reproduction as an act of societal results instead than a buck cloistered affair, but the eugenics antedated the current revolution in genetic knowledges and molecular biological science on altering the strain of gentle existences, in fact non all eugenicists support the thought that reproduction should be controlled by the province ( p.41 )Failure of EugenicssEugenicss failure can be approached in five different ship canalReplacement, non TherapyIt was believed that eugenics sought for merciful improvement, doing better nation to born, alternatively of straight breaking any people. Lewontin ( 1991 ) drew the differentiation and saidTo conflateathe stymie of disease with the bar of lives that will affect disease is to badmouth wholly t he signification of barative medical specialty. It would take to the wild claim that the field Socialists did more to keep future coevalss of Tay-Sachs a bitter familial disease found most commonly among Jews sick persons than all the attempts of scientific discipline to day of the month. Familial counseling and selective abortion are substitutes for disease bar remedy ( p.19 ) .Narveson ( 1967, 1973 ) and Parfit ( 1984 ) condemned eugenics ground for how to better human race, they said the eugenicists policies was altering the welfare of future coevalss by altering the individualities of those who would hold constituted the hereafter coevalss by utilizing familial showing and forestalling lives.Value PluralismRoll-Hansen ( 1980 ) in other to reply the inquiry Who was to put the standards for ideal adult male? faulted eugenicists for advancing a certain construct of human flawlessness, neglecting to value the indispensable of plurality of values and ideals of human hi gh quality, believing that the ideal would be similar to themselves. Some eugenicists failed to digest personal and societal ideals that differ from their ain.Misdemeanors of Reproductive FreedomsBuchanan, Brock, Daniels, and Wikler ( 2000 ) stated that the nonvoluntary sterilisation of 10s of 1000s of Americans and Europeans was the worst stain on the record of the eugenicists. Qiu ( 1999 ) wrote that China recent jurisprudence on maternal and electric shaver wellness contained eugenics thoughts.StatismWatson ( 1997 ) in the book From bump to Choice Genetics and Justice revisited the tale of eugenics and cogitate that to salvage people s life the spot of province requisite to be eliminated. He spoke refering the unsafe people in the name of eugenics informal segregation, sterilisation, and in Germany, mass slaying could non hold happened without province engagement ( p.51 ) . Duster ( 1990 ) corroborated this on what he called back door eugenics whereby the geneticall y disfavored may be harmed through private determinations on the portion of the employers, insurance companies and prospective parents.JusticeKevles ( 1985 ) concluded that historically eugenic motion of 1870-1950 have been barbarous and ever a debatable religion, it elevated abstractions the race, the population , and late the gene pool above the rights and demands of persons and their households ( pp.300-301 ) . He farther stated that the groups that paid the monetary value were those who are their cistrons were non wanted, likewise through nonvoluntary sexual segregation branding and belittling, sterilisation, and even murder were eliminated.Home and Afro-american males A state of affairs where the basic necessities of life such as nutrient, shelter, vesture, and medical attention are unequal as normally found among the minority, a kid s wellness can be compromised with disadvantageous effects on a varied array of larning factors, including school attending ( Toldson, 2008 ) . Homes where parents can non sum up fiscal aid for their kids may see high degrees of emphasis and can make a context maturation for the exigency of behavioural and emotional troubles ( McLoyd, 1990 ) , which affect acquisition.Toldson ( 2008 ) in his survey Relationship between poorness and academic accomplishment stated in his determination that a household who earned an one-year income of $ 20,000, their kids were twice every bit belike to gain a D or less in school compared to households gaining $ 75,000 or more yearly, and largely Afro-american males pupils households fall into the first class of income. schooling and Segregation by CommunityHousing segregation has connected to school segregation as low-income people of colour have faced childbed to houses in hapless urban environments. As a consequence, low-income suburbs besides have produced segregation and low-income schools where the kids of the low-income people have enrolled- kids of colour ( Anyon, 2005 ) .late(a) theme tendencies suggested Black and other underserved pupils continued to be unsuitably enrolled in schools in cardinal metropoliss ( U.S. Department of Education 2002 ) . For many Black high school pupils, this translated into overrepresentation in big, urban comprehensive or zoned schools that are situated in racially throw and high-poverty countries. Academic achievement and graduation rates at these high schools situated in poorness communities scared have consistently really low, when compared with flush suburban schools. Statisticss have shown that less than one one-fourth of the pupil organic structure has reached twelfth rate on clip ( Balfanz & A Legters, 1998 ) .Afro-american males are overpoweringly more likely to go to high schools that are preponderantly Black and have an registration with a big type of pupils on free or decreased tiffin. In about every class of academic failure, Afro-american males are overly overrepresented ( Dallmann-Jones, 2002 Ma rtin, Martin, Gibson & A Wilkins, 2007 ) . White farther wrote that Black male pupils are underrepresented in antennad and awards classs and more likely to be placed in particular instruction plans and suspended, or expelled from school ( Garbarino, 1999 ) .In 2000, more than 70 % of all Black pupils in the United States attended preponderantly underserved schools, a higher per centum than 30 old ages earlier ( Rumberger, 2002 ) . Although segregation has frequently been viewed in racial footings, racial segregation is powerfully related to socioeconomic segregation. Not merely are Black pupils households more likely to be hapless, but pupils are besides more likely to go to high-poverty schools. This has a strong clash on the educational achievement of Afro-american male pupils ( The journal of Negro Education, 2004 ) .The Afro-american male pupils attended assorted schools where they were marginalized pupils ( Theoharis, 2007 ) . Alternatively, the these immature Afro-american male pupils needed schools with leaders who understand Black household life, who realized that life extended beyond general parenting and school community relationships, and who genuinely desire to impact their pupils in a positive, life-changing mode to steer them from dropping out of school and feeling disheartened, discouraged, and forestall ( Noeth & A Wimberly, 2002 ) .( C ) Dropout from High School of some African-Americans Males Afro-american males have dropped out of school frequently anterior to stopping point their grade. One ground found in the literature was that the procedure of withdrawing from school had occurred extra time ( Christenson, Sinlair, Lehr, & A Godler, 2001 ) . Characteristics of a dropout have included backdown from school ( hapless attending ) and unsuccessful school experiences ( academic or behavioural troubles ) that frequently begin in simple school. routineual detachment was accompany by feelings of disaffection, hapless sense of belonging, and a general disfavor of school ( Kavetuna, 2009 ) .Education is critical to successfully developing the economic, societal, scientific and political establishments of state provinces ( Lockheed & A Verspoor, 1991 ) hence, has necessitated that territory, provinces, and the state at big to instantly hold given the dropout job the attending needed. Generally, school territories are neglecting to run into their primary concern to educate all American kids as statistics show that about 7000 pupils issue American schools every twenty-four hours. This is a incommode indicant that at this rate, 1.2 million pupils in our schools will non graduate with their expected category on clip ( fusion for fantabulous Education, 2008 ) .The Alliance for Excellent Education ( 2008 ) stated in their appraisal if the pupil dropouts from the category of 2008 had graduated, 319 billion dollars would hold been added to the state s economic system over the life-time of these non-graduates. If the da ctyl of dropouts is non reduced over the following 10 old ages, twelve million pupils will be added to the dropout figures bing the state s economic system one trillion dollars ( Alliance for Excellent instruction, 2008 ) .Annually, the fiscal negative impact of pupil dropouts costs the province and the topical anaesthetic governings one million millions of dollars paid to developrs in public aid, unemployment benefits, lost gross and tidyation attempts ( Bridgeland, Dilulio, & A Wulsin, 2008 Christle, Jolivette & A Nelson, 2007 Orfield, Losen, Wald, & A Swanson 2004 Rumberger, 1987 ) .School territories across the state encounter serious challenges in order to guarantee pupils receive an engaging quality instruction that will forestall them from firing disengaged from their instruction and going school dropouts ( Swanson, 2008 ) . Dropout pupils are non entirely in their challenges the result of their challenges is felt by society because go forthing school early for t he dropout resulted in their forfeiting many of the chances they would hold had available to them as alumnuss with high school sheepskin. These chances would hold allowed the drop cloth out pupils to do positive impact in their community and open an chance for post- substitute instruction, but unluckily, all these vanish when pupils drop out of school ( Patterson, Hale, & A Stressman, 2007 ) .Anyon ( 2005 ) cited socioeconomic issues as lending factors ensuing in African-American male pupils to drop out of school. Low-wage earners are those whose hourly pay is less than the net incomes necessary to raise a household above the official poorness line. In 2004, authorities guidelines identify households at the poorness degree as follows a household of three with of $ 15,670 is at the poorness degree, and a household of four with income at a lower place $ 18,850. In 2000, despite the tallness of a flourishing economic system of the clip, about fifth part of all work forces ( 19.5 % ) and about one- 3rd of all adult females ( 33.1 % ) earned poverty degree rewards workings full-time, class unit of ammunition ( Anyon, 2005 ) .Harmonizing to Schott root word for Public Education ( 2010 ) , the state graduates merely 47 per centums of Black male pupils who enter 9th class.The Education of Black male pupils has been full of separate and unequal educational chances ( Strayhorn, 2008 ) . Statistics show that across the 50 provinces, Black male pupils significantly lag behind their White opposite numbers in footings of graduating from high school, and the above tabular array shows that in California merely 54 per centum ( 54 % ) of Black male pupils graduated in the 2007-2008 cohort compared to 78 per centum ( 78 % ) of White male pupils, a startling difference of 24 per centum ( 24 % ) . Research workers have studied, statistics and lending factors, whether mentioning to statistics in California or across the state, and research workers can mention legion grounds f or the lower graduation rate of Black male pupils ( Schott creative activity for Public Education, 2010 Bell, 2010a ) .GRADUATION RATES OF 2007/8 COHORTStateBLACK MALEWHITE MaleGapDelaware50 %66 %16 %Wisconsin50 %92 %41 %Wyoming50 %74 %24 %New Mexico49 %63 %14 %Virginia49 %73 %24 % working capital48 %66 %18 % abide frontier47 %66 %19 %Centennial state47 %77 %30 %Illinois47 %83 %36 %Michigan47 %76 %29 %USA47 %78 %31 %Mississippi46 %59 %13 %North Carolina46 %66 %20 %Silver state45 %59 %14 %Hawaii44 %47 %3 %Empire state of the south43 %62 %19 %Heart of dixie42 %60 %18 %Indiana42 %71 %29 %District of Columbia41 %57 %16 % buckeye state41 %78 %37 %Cornhusker state40 %83 %43 % lah39 %59 %20 % southwestward Carolina39 %58 %19 %Florida37 %57 %20 %New York25 %68 %43 %The 2010 Schott 50 State depict on Public Education and Black MalesBlack/White Male 20 States Graduation Ratess by wide Black male RegistrationGraduation Ratess Of 2007/8 CohortStateEntire Black Male EnrollmentBlack MaleWhite MaleGapTexas341,21952 %74 %22 %Empire state of the south316,34243 %62 %19 %Florida313,88737 %57 %20 %New York274,65925 %68 %43 %California236,50354 %78 %24 %Illinois207,61947 %83 %36 %North Carolina206,28946 %66 %20 %Michigan169,04247 %76 %29 %Old line state163,05455 %77 %22 %Virginia162,67949 %73 %24 %atomic number 57158,73039 %59 %20 %Buckeye state152,53041 %78 %37 %Keystone state142,91053 %83 %20 %South Carolina141,79239 %58 %19 %Heart of dixie134,53342 %60 %18 %Mississippi125,88346 %59 %13 %New tee shirt121,93469 %90 %21 % voluntary state121,24452 %71 %19 %Show me state83,31556 %79 %23 %Indiana64,93642 %71 %29 %The 2010 Schott 50 State Report on Public Education and Black MalesCultural feelings and racism besides play a portion in the dropout rates. Some underserved pupils sense that the bulk civilization sees them as less capable and expects small of them. Since they believe they will non win, these pupils put small attempt in school ( Ogbu, 1988 ) . Hosts of accounts have be en offered to get the differences in academic public presentation and results among underperforming groups ( Gandara, 1999 ) . One of the more distressing accounts for disparate educational results, which culturally responsive learning efforts to interrupt, is deficit-based accounts of low-income pupils and pupils of colour ( Anyon, 2005 ) . These accounts normally are bear on on low-income pupils and pupils of colour lacking or being devoid of civilization, coming from a civilization of poorness that is non suited for academic success, posting an oppositional civilization, holding a scorn for educational achievement, or holding parents who lack concern for their kids s academic aspirations ( Howard, 2010 ) .School glossiness Culturally communicative methods focused on the function linguistic communication played in the instruction every bit good as the acquisition procedure. He farther said that when the instructor is be aftering his lessons he needed to utilize precaution th at incorporated the cultural competences related to talk about forms, face-to-face interaction and expression ( Howard, 2010 ) .Irvine ( 1990 ) termed mismatches between school and pupil civilizations as a deficiency of cultural synchronism. Ladson-Billings ( 2009 ) suggested that what happens between African-American male pupils and their instructors represented a deficiency of cultural synchronism. She further suggested that this deficiency of cultural synchronism and seting related to other factors that restrained Afro-american pupils school achievement, including the prescriptive beliefs and prescriptive constructions that are premised on normative belief systems. ( p.19 )Culturally Responsive DirectionDirection is critical to larning, and so deficiency of culturally antiphonal stress affects the course of study, what teachers Teach, the armorial bearing, how instructors teach, are factors that interrelate and influence pupils achievement. The course of study is the fou ndation, and it shapes the schoolroom complaint that the instructor gives pupils, and so pupils are well-tried to measure how good the direction brisk them to demo command.Culturally antiphonal direction refers to pattern of schoolroom instructors to pull meaning(prenominal)ly on the civilization, linguistic communications, and experiences that pupils bring to the schoolrooms with the end to increase the engagement and academic accomplishment of pupils of colour ( Ladson-Billings, 1995 ) . Teachers, in most schools, do non be after lessons that indicate they value the linguistic communication and cultural cognition pupils bring from their place or to link the cognition to the lessons. Consequently, this obvious neglect negatively affects the academic success of pupils of colour. However, instructors possess the cognition and the power to alter the negative consequence to a positive consequence by purposefully making lessons that connect the experiences pupils bring from place an d their civilization to meaningful lessons and experiences in the schoolroom ( Dutro, Kazemi, Balf, & A Lin, 2008 ) . home(a) place for African Statisticss ( NCAS ) ( 2005 ) indicated that 30 per centum of Afro-american kids under the age of 18 were populating in poorness, compared to 10 per centum of White kids. Poverty and other socioeconomic factors such as income, self-esteem, and nutrition are all of import constituents that have consequence on the academic attainment and achievement of Africa-American males.Kunjufu ( 2005 ) stated The disproportion of Black male pupils in particular instruction is non normal, and it is non acceptable, and that the professionals should be spirit non for principles to warrant continuation of the job but ends to extinguish it. ( p.25 ) He farther stated African-Americans male pupils were disproportionately placed in particular instruction categories because the regular schoolroom is non culturally sensitive to the demands of this alone pop ulation. National Alliance of Black School Educators ( NABSE ) ( 2002 ) said overrepresentation of Afro-american pupils in particular instruction and its service had caused more harm. It stated that the pupils mayBe misclassifiedReceive services that do non run into their demandsBe denied right to the general instruction class of survey.The organic structure of NABSE suggested that decision makers should survey informations and develop performance-based ratings for instructors and pupils. Besides, that pupil accomplishment informations must be dis come and aggregated based on race, gender, ethnicity, and linguistic communication, with the consequence reported to the community ( 2002 ) .Section 2EDUCATION LAWS AND POLICIESSome educational policies and Torahs have been targeted to go to to the demands of the minorities or the underserved populations in give appurtenance financess and categorical plans that could better the acquisition capacity of the minorities ( McGuinn, 2006 ) . Some of the policies were unsubdivided and alternate Education mould ( ESEA ) of 1965, Goals 2000 spring up America second of 1994, and No fry leftover Behind accomplishment ( NCLB ) of 2001 ( McGuinn, 2006 ) .Federal Legislative characterization( I ) dewy-eyed and unessential Education map ( ESEA ) of 1965 chief(a) & A Secondary Education be ( ESEA ) 1965An Act To beef up and better quality and educational chances in the Nation s simple and secondary schools.Be it enacted by the Senate and family of Representatives of the United provinces of America in coitus assembled, That this Act may be cited as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 .TITILE 1-Financial aid to topical anaesthetic educational bureaus in the countries unnatural by federal activity- The Act of family 30, 1950, Public honor 874, Eighty-first coitus, as amend ( 20 U.S.C. 236-244, is amended by infixing immediatelya ( 1965, p.27 ) statute title 11- Financial aid to topical anaesth etic Educational bureaus for the Education of kids of low-income households and extension of Public Law 874, Eighty-first CongressProvision of school subroutine library resources, text editions, and other instructional stuffs in acknowledgment of the particular educational demands of kids of low-income households and the impacta ( 1965, p.36 ) .form of address 111- Supplementary educational centres and services ( Grants under this rubric may be used, in conformity with applications O.K. under subdivision 304 ( B ) , for ( a ) planning for and taking other stairss to the learning of plans designed to issue auxiliary educational activitiesa ( B ) the constitution, care, and doing of plans, including the rental of constructiona ( 1965, p.39 ) denomination 1V-Educational research and developing -The intent of this Act is to enable the sanction of Education more efficaciously to carry through the intents and to execute the responsibilities for which it was originally accomplished ( 1965, p.44 ) . deed of conveyance V-Grants to beef up State Departments of Education- This Act may be sited as the Cooperative Research Act ( 1965, p.47 ) .Elementary & A Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) ( Public Law 89-10 )United States Statutes at Large Vol. 79 p.27-58, 1965 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.nitric1p.org/files/40646763.pdfPassage of Elementary & A Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) revolutionized the federal authorities s engagement in instruction. beforehand ESEA, educational policy-making had been relegated about entirely the province and local authorities. ESEA consisted of five rubrics, consistent to which the federal authorities provided support to about 90 per centum ( 90 % ) of the state s public and parochial schools. It permitted distribution of federal financess to school territories based on the figure of hapless kids enrolled hence, it increased federal spending on instructions, but it did non stipulate which se rvices territories should supply to educationally deprived kids ( McGuinn, 2006 ) .Congress has appropriated rubric financess for five-year periods, and to day of the month continues to reauthorize them for another(prenominal) five-year period. Of the five titled financess, Title I provides the greatest benefit to public school because although it has specified ways financess can be allocated, it offers flexible options provided they meet the guidelines as a mark aid plan earmarked for pupils identified at hazard of neglecting and back uping them to better their academic accomplishment. Title I has permitted the usage of financess to supply plans for kids from households who have migrated to the United States, for or young person who have been drop or at-risk of physical or drug maltreatment, for dropout bar plans and for betterment to the school site.Elementary and secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) failed to accomplish its chief end of bettering educational chance for the haple ss as Hugh Graham noted,The southerly Cross of the affair was that excessively much money was being spent excessively fast in excessively many topographic points and under excessively many categorical programsa ESEA faced already wicked jobs of execution which were exacerbated by the pandemonium of a radically reorganized United States tycoon of Education. ( McGuinn, 2006 )United States Office of Education had small power under the original ESEA statute law to oblige provinces to follow with federal ends, or to penalize provinces and school territories that failed to make so.Joel Berke noted, State and local instruction governments have failed their pupils in guaranting equal educational chances without federal intercession, and they could non be trusted to make so in future ( McGuinn, 2006 ) .( two ) Goals 2000 Educate America Act of 1994As enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, unretentive Title-This Act ( other than rubrics V and IX ) may be cited as the Goals 2000 Educate America Act ( 1994, p.125 ) . style 1- National Education Goals The intent of title1 was to advance coherent, countrywide regular instruction reform better the quality of acquisition and instruction in schoolroom and in the workplace, and besides established valid and dependable mechanisms for constructing a wide subject area consensus on American instruction reforma ( 1994, p.128 ) name 11-National Education reform leading, Standards, and Assessments assort A- National Education Goals decorate This portion is established as a bipartizan mechanism for- constructing a interior(a) consensus for instruction betterment describing on advancement toward accomplishing the National Education Goals and reexamining the voluntary national content criterions, voluntary national pupils public presentation criterions, and voluntary national opportunity-to-learn criterions certifiable by National Education Standards a nd advance Councila ( 1994, p.134 )Part B- National Education Standards and service Council This is set-up as mechanisms bear witness and sporadically reexamine voluntary national content criterions and voluntary national pupil public presentation criterions that defined what all pupils should cognize and be able to doa ( 1994, p.139 )Part C- Leadership in Educational Technology It is designed to advance accomplishment of the National Education Goals and to supply leading at the Federal degree, through the Department of Education, by developing a national vision and scheme to inculcate engineering and engineering planning into all educational plans and developing maps carried out within school systems at the State and local levelsa ( 1994, p.151 )Separate D- Authorization of Appropriations This subdivision is authorized to allow funding of the National Education ends by apportioning money needed for the plan and besides measuring the grants authorizeda ( 1994, p.157 ) patronage 111- State and Local Education systematic betterment This rubric is created to better pupils acquisition and help the pupils in accomplishing high criterions and recognize their potencies if the United States is to prospera ( 1994, p.175 )TITLE IV- Parental aid The intent of the rubric is to increase parents cognition of and have assurance in child-rearing activities, such as instruction and fostering their immature kids and increasing partnership between parents and the school in run intoing the demands of childrena ( 1994, p.187 )TITLE V- National accomplishment criterions boards This rubric is meant to set up a national Skill Standards Boards to function as a accelerator in actuating the development and acceptance of a voluntary national system of accomplishment criterions and of appraisal and enfranchisement of attainment of accomplishment criterions that will function as a chief beginning of the national scheme to accomplish work force accomplishments ( 1994, 191 ) .TITLE VI - International Educational Program It is meant to study, measure, and analyze educational systems in other states, particularly Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan this is to let for proportional analyses of course of study, methodological analysis, and organisational construction, including the length of the school twelvemonth and school daya ( 1994, p.200 )TITLE VII- untroubled schools It is set-up to supply competitory grants to local educational bureaus as to guarantee that all schools are safe and free of violencea ( 1994, p.204 )TITLE VIII- Minority-focused civics instruction It is designed to promote improved direction for minorities and native Americans through a national plan of commissioned summer teacher eagerness and staff development seminars, in-service preparation plans conducted by college and university campusesa ( 1994, p.209 )( Goals 2000 Educate America Act ) ( Public Law 103-227 ) .United States Legislative acts at Large Vol.108 p.125-256. Retrieved from federaleducationpolicy.wordpress.com/a/goals-2000-educate-americaaThe enacted Goals 2000 specified that instruction was a province and local concern by saying that no province is required to hold its criterions or appraisals certified or should take part in Goals 2000 systematic betterment plans as a status of take parting in any federal instruction plan. Goals 2000 besides indicated that instruction must be viewed as a national precedence, as provinces and local sections are required to team with federal instruction bureaus to assist make and run productive and reasoned systems of instruction ( McGuinn,2006 ) .These Goals 2000 empowered state-level sections of instruction the freedom to make their ain criterions for their pupils, but specified that criterions must be disputing with a focal point on academic cognition and accomplishments that pupils should get the hang. In order to ease pupils achievement, grants were provided for schools, communities, and provinces to ba ck up the development ( McGuinn, 2006 ) . In add-on, Goals 2000 granted the escritoire of Education the authorization to relinquish some federal Torahs for some provinces and communities to enable them to execute assorted school betterment enterprises ( McGuinn, 2006 ) .Goals 2000 failed to accomplish its motivations because the section of instruction failed to force hard to hold the jurisprudence set up for bettering America s schools. Besides, there was excessively much flexibleness as the provinces and territories were giving free custodies to run, no tougher countenance for neglecting provinces or territories ( McGuinn, 2006 ) .Schatz ( 1998 ) stated that Goals 2000 had failed the pupils when he said why is more money and power being given to an educational constitution that has clearly done an progressively less strong occupation with progressively more taxpayer dollars? ( p.11 ) He stated further In hatred of this monolithic disbursement fling, pupils trial tonss have experienced a dramatic down(prenominal) slide ( p.1 ) .( three ) No Child Left Behind Act ( NCLB ) of 2001.An Act Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,Short Title- This rubric may be cited as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 .TITLE I- Bettering the academic achievement of the disadvantaged The purpose of this rubric was to procure that all kids have fair, equal, and of import chance to obtain a high-quality instruction and range, at a lower limit, proficiency on disputing province academic achievement criterions and province academic appraisala ( 2002, p.1439 )TITLE II- Preparing, preparation and recruiting high quality instructors and principals The intent of this portion was to supply grants to State educational bureaus, local educational bureaus, State bureaus for higher instruction, and worthy partnerships in order to- ( 1 ) better pupil academic achievement through schemes such as bettering instr uctor and chief quality and increasing the figure of extremely suffice instructors in the schoolroom and extremely qualifieda ( 2002, p.1620 )TITLE III- Language direction for particular slope proficient and immigrant pupils The intents of this portion are ( 1 ) to assist guarantee that the kids who are limited English proficient, including immigrant kids and young person, achieve English proficiency develop high degrees of academic achievement in English, and run into a ( 2002, p.1690 )TITLE IV- twenty-first Century schools The intent of this portion was to back up plans that celebrate force in and around schools that prevent the illegal usage of drugs that involve parents and communities a ( 2002, p.1734 )TITLE V- Promoting informed parental pull and advance plans The intents of this portion are the succeeding(prenominal) ( a ) to back up local instruction reform attempts that are consistent with and back up statewide instruction reform attempts a ( 2002, p.1776 )TITLE V I- flexibleness and answerability This is to pay the costs of the development of the extra State appraisals and criterions required by subdivision 1111 ( B ) , which may include the costs of working in voluntary partnerships with other States, at the exclusive goody of each such State and a ( 2002, p.1873 )TITLE VII- Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native Education It is the intent of this portion to back up the attempts of local educational bureaus, Indian kinfolk and organisations, postsecondary establishments, and other entities to run into the alone educational and culturally related academic demands of American Indian and Alaska native pupils, so that they can run into the same disputing State pupil academic achievement a ( 2002, p.1907 )TITLE VIII- Impact and plan This rubric with subdivision 8002 ( H ) ( 1 ) ( 20 U.S.C. 7702 ( H ) ( 1 ) ) was amended in subparagraph ( A ) , and was eligible to have a recompense under subdivision 2 of the Act of September 30, 1950a ( 2 002, p.1947 )TITLE IX- General pabulum This rubric was speaking about mean day-to-day attendance-the aggregative figure of yearss of attending of all pupils during a school twelvemonth divided by the figure of yearss school was in session during that yeara ( 2002, p.1956 )TITLE X- Abrogations, re-designations, and amendments to other legislative acts The undermentioned commissariats of jurisprudence was revoked Part G of rubric Fifteen of the higher instruction amendments of 1992 ( 20 U. S. C. 1070a-11 note ) , associating to the advanced arrangement fee payment plan a ( 2000, p.1986 )( No Child Left Behind of 2001 ) ( Public Law 107-110, 2002 ) United States Statutes at Large Vol.115 p.1426-2025. Retrieved from www.2.ed.gov/legislation/esea02/107-110.pdfThe No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 allowed the federal authorities to hold more engagement in public instruction and to give confidence of the quality of instruction to all kids in the United States. It approved province grants for advanced plans to run into the educational demands of all pupils, including at-risk young persons and to develop and implement educational plans to better school, pupil, and teacher public presentation every bit good as to supply professional development for pedagogues and to cut down category size. spare community service grants were available to develop plans for expelled or suspended pupils to supply the meaningful educational activities to busy their clip during their absence from regular school and to avoid negative behaviour, which would impact their community ( McGuinn, 2006 ) . As the new steps held schools accountable for their pupils advancement, the function of high-stakes testing in American public instruction required one-year appraisal of pupils in class three through eight in reading and mathematics. Execution of auxiliary educational services under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 assured extra academic direction designed to increase the academic achievemen t of pupils in low-performing schools ( Council for Exceptional Children, 2004 ) .Analysiss of No Child Left Behind prescribed redresss and recommendationsFrederick M. Hess and Chester E. Finn junior in 2006 organized a meeting at American Enterprise play in Washington D.C. to let bookmans notice on the analyses of NCLB s prescribed redresss scavenge and after school tutoring. The bookmans agreed that pick was non working as less than one per centum ( 1 % ) of California eligible pupils in neglecting schools requested to reassign to another school, and in Colorado less than two per centum ( 2 % ) agreed to travel.In regard of after school tutoring overall merely about 20 per centum ( 20 % ) of eligible pupils got it, this was due to the location of most private organisations involved as they were unable to procure space in the public schools ( Ravitch, 2010 ) . Ravitch ( 2010 ) who was on a panel saddled with summing up of the lessons of the twenty-four hours stated that most of the redresss dictated by the U. S. Department of instruction are non effectual as they lack record of success.The legislative bid that under NCLB all pupils in every school must be adept in reading and mathematics by 2014, including particular needs pupils is surrealistic ( Ravitch, 2010 ) .Some of their recommendations was that The function of the federal authorities was to supply valid information and leave the solutions and countenances to those who are closest to the chief jobs of single schools ( Ravitch, 2010, p.101 ) , besides that schools should be allowed to work as households with the instructors sharing what works that allowed the schools to be successful.Court Cases That Influenced Afro-american EducationSeparate-but-equalMargo ( 1990 ) stated that the schools were racially separate but were non equal. ( p.68 ) . He farther stated that if major portion of the separate-but-equal philosophy were followed the spreads in educational consequences between Blacks and Whites would hold been minimum ( p.68 ) . change and Sutch ( 1977 ) besides agreed that if equal portion of separate-but-equal had been enforced, the racial attending spread would hold been smaller ( p.28 ) .Risen ( 1935 ) in the book titled race and Schooling in the South, 1880-1950 asserted that an thought was raised for pupils to fray in a nearby territory schools, but this thought was challenged that if the schools were unaccessible with fewer students go toing, so the thought of Black kids going a long distance without coach benefit to go to good schools was non seen as needfully go againsting the separate-but-equal order ( p.73 ) .Welch ( 1974 ) in the book titled Race and Schooling in the South, 1880-1950 stated that the misdemeanors of separate-but-equal affected educational consequences rested majorly on substantiating grounds and built-in plausibleness.Smith and Welch ( 1989 ) in the book titled Race and Schooling in the South, 1880-1950 believed that separate-b ut-equal philosophy had important consequence on the differences in the net incomes ratios of Blacks-t-whites.Margo ( 1990 ) concluded that If the equal portion of separate-but-equal philosophy would hold been enforced it would hold reduced racial differences in school attending literacy rates, and trial tonss. ( p.86 )Plessey v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 537, 16 S. Ct. 1138, 41 L. Ed. 256 ( 1896 ) .